Select County Adams Allen Ashland Ashtubula Athens Auglaize Belmont Brown Butler Carroll Champaign Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Conshocton Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union VanWert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Wood

 

COLUMBIANA COUNTY--Continued

 

 

 

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Population in 1880, 4,041.  School census, 1886, 1,464; Geo. N. Caruthers, superintendent.

The following sketch of Salem’s history is from the pen of an old resident:

 

Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846

Eastern Entrance into Salem.

 

Salem has an interesting history in connection with important national events. Being originally settled by Quakers they instilled into the minds of the people the true ideas of human freedom, and it early became the seat of a strong anti-slavery sentiment. “The Western Anti-Slavery Society” had its headquarters in this city before the war of the Rebellion, and their organ, The Anti-Slavery Bugle, was published here and ably conducted by Benj. S. JONES, Oliver JOHNSON

 

Hewitt & Hewitt, Photo., Salem, 1887.

Central View in Salem

 

and Marius R. ROBINSON, editors, who waged an incessant, fearless and aggressive warfare upon the institution of human slavery, its aiders and supporters, including among the latter the National Constitution as interpreted by acts of Congress, as well as most of the churches of the country.

 

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and as the spirit of liberty grew and spread they, with more force and effect, demanded the unconditional freedom of the Southern bondmen.

At a session of one of these annual conventions of that period, held in the Hicksite Friends’ Church, during a terrible Philippie by a prominent actor against the aggressions and encroachments of slavery on northern soil, as evidenced by the Fugitive Slave Law then but recently enacted, a man arose in the audience with telegram in hand and disturbed the speaker long enough to announce that on the four o’clock train, due at the station in thirty minutes, There would be as passengers a Southern man with wife and child who had with them a colored slave girl as nurse.”

 

“Now,” said the informant, who was in full sympathy with the sentiment and spirit of the meeting, “if we mean what we say, let us go to the station and rescue the slave girl.” The enthusiasm became intense – the meeting adjourned and in a body marched to the depot.  Soon the train rolled in and instantly a score of men boarded the train, found the girl, forced her off the coach on to the station platform, where she was seized and hurried by others on “the underground railroad” to a place of safety.  Her owners, badly frightened, passed on apparently glad to themselves escape being kidnapped. The liberated slave-child was, by the same meeting, christened Abby Kelly SALEM, in honor of Abby Kelly FOSTER, who was one of the speakers at the convention, and in commemoration of the place where the “slave” was forcibly made free.  The girl grew up to womanhood, and was for years a citizen of the city.

The old “Town Hall,” yet standing in all its ancient pride, of which a cut of the interior is shown in these pages, was the place where the meetings of the Anti-Slavery Conventions were generally held.  On its plain wide platform eloquent appeals in behalf of the slave, like as if inspired by Him who made of one blood all nations of men, were often poured out in words that burned by such men as Wm. Lloyd GARRISON, Wendell PHILLIPS, William Wallace HUBBARD, Parker PILLSBURY, Horace MANN, John PIERPOINT, Oliver JOHNSON, Garret SMITH, C. C. BURLEIGH, Samuel LEWIS, Fred. DOUGLASS, Lucretia MOTT, Francis D. GAGE, Elizabeth Cady STANTON, Marius R. ROBINSON, Jacob HEATON, Owen LOVEJOY, W. H. BURLEIGH, J. F. LANGDON, Sojourner TRUTH, Stephen S. FOSTER, Abby Kelly FOSTER, James MOTT and George THOMPSON of England, with others of like reputation.

In that old hall, for the promotion of the education and the elevation and progress of political opinion, the voice of John A. BINGHAM, James A. GARFIELD, Joshua R. GIDDINGS, S. P. CHASE, Wm. DENNISON, W. D. HENKLE, Jane G. SHISHELM, Benj. F. WADE, Geo. W. JULIAN, Neil DOW, Charles JEWETT, Loring ANDREWS, James

 

­­­­­­­­­­                                                                                                                                                            Howell, Photo

Coppock's Monument.

Coppock was one of John Brown's men and hug and Haper's Ferry.

 

 

Page 451

Top Picture

CLEMENT L. VALLANDIGHAM.

 

Bottom Picture

G. S. Moore, Photo, New Lisbon, 1886.

 

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Top Picture

John Morgan

[Born at Huntsville, Alabama, June 1, 1826; made a raid through Ohio in the summer of 1863;

wsa killed by a Union soldier September 4, 1864, while attempting to escape from a farm-house

near Greenville, Tenn.]

 

Bottom Picture

G. S. Moore., Photo, New Lisbon, 1886.

SPOT OF THE SURRENDER OF GEN. JOHN HUNT MORGAN.

[Morgan’s surrender took place about seven miles south of New Lisbon under a cherry tree shown

in the foreground on the left, and a few hundred yards from the farm-house of John HEPNER seen in the

 

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MONROE, Susan B. ANTHONY, Ralph Waldo EMERSON, Robert COLLYER, John P. HALE, Edward F. NOYES, Jacob D. COX and others (most of whom are numbered with the dead). If those old walls could speak what a story they could tell. It was there where seeds of political and religious freedom were sown which grew into a harvest yielding much fruit.

It was this early teaching that “all men were created equal” and endowed with inalienable rights of life and liberty, that induced Edwin COPPOCK, a near-by farmer’s boy, born of Quaker parents, to shoulder his musket and go forth to join the immortal John BROWN in opening the war for freedom on Harper’s Ferry. There with his old chief he fired a shot that made slavery tremble to its fall. COPPOCK was captured and hanged at Charlestown, Virginia.

The following letter to his uncle, living within a few miles of Salem, was the last he ever wrote. It will be read with interest. It is full of prophecy, very long since fulfilled to the letter.

He wrote it two days before his death, and spoke of the coming event with the nerve and fearlessness of a true man. His grave is in Hope Cemetery, Salem, and marked by a plain sandstone shaft, erected to his memory by the late Howell Hise. It bears only the simple inscription – “Edwin COPPOCK.”

 

Charlestown, Dec. 13, 1859.

Joshua COPPOCK:

My Dear Uncle – I seat myself by the stand to write for the first and last time to thee and thy family.  Though far from home and overtaken by misfortune, I have not forgotten you. Your generous hospitality towards me, during my short stay with you last spring, is stamped indelibly upon my heart, and also the generosity bestowed upon my poor brother who now wanders an outcast from his native land. But thank God he is free. I am thankful that it is I who have to suffer instead of them.

The time may come when he will remember me. And the time may come when he may still further remember the cause in which I die. Thank God for the principles of the cause in which we were engaged will not die with me and my brave comrades.  They will spread wider and wider and gather strength with each hour that passes. The voice of truth will echo though our land, bringing conviction to the erring and adding members to that glorious army who will follow its banner. The cause of everlasting truth and justice will go on conquering and to conquer until our broad and beautiful land shall rest beneath the banner of freedom. I had fondly hoped to live to see the principles of the Declaration of Independence fully realized. I had hoped to see the dark stain of slavery blotted from our land, and the libel of our boasted freedom erased, when we can say in truth that our beloved country is the land of the free and the home of the brave; but that cannot be.

I have heard my sentence passed, my doom is sealed. But two more short days remain for me to fulfill my earthly destiny. But two brief days between me and eternity. At the expiration of those two days I shall stand upon the scaffold to take my last look of earthly scenes. But that scaffold has but little dread for me, for I honestly believe that I am innocent of any crime justifying such punishment. But by the taking of my life and the lives of my comrades, Virginia is but hastening upon that glorious day, when the slave will rejoice in his freedom. When he can say, “I too am a man,” and am groaning no more under the yoke of oppression. But I must now close. Accept this short scrawl as a remembrance of me. Give my love to all the family. Kiss little Joey for me. Remember me to all my relatives and friends. And now farewell for the last time.                            From thy nephew,

Edwin COPPOCK

The same spirit, when the Rebellion made its aggressive move on Fort Sumter, aroused the patriotism of Quaker Salem, and the first two volunteers for the war in the county enlisted in this “City of Peace;” namely, Thomas J. WALTON, yet a resident and business man here, and Wm. MELDRUM, an employee in the Republican office, and who, in March, 187, died at San Francisco, Cal.

After them Salem and the county of Columbiana furnished not less than 3,000 soldiers for the war; many of them met the fate of brave men on the field of battle, falling with face to the foe.

 

THE MORGAN RAID THROUGH OHIO

 

 

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in his successful escape back within the Confederate lines but for circumstances which even wise foresight could not have anticipated.  As his surrender took place within this county, we here give the history of the raid, mainly from Whitelaw Reid’s “Ohio in the War,” and in an abridged form:

 

The Object of the Raid. – Little progress had been made in the organization of the State militia, when in July, 1863, there came another sudden and pressing demand for it.

In July, 1863, Rosecrans at Stone River was menacing Bragg at Tullahoma. Burnside at Cincinnati was organizing a force for service against Buckner in East Tennessee. The communications of Burnside and Rosecrans extended through Kentucky, covered by some ten thousand troops under Gen. Judah. Bragg felt that if these communications were threatened by a division, the advance of Rosecrans and Burnside would be delayed, and these officers kept from reinforcing each other. Gen. John Morgan was the man selected for this service. He had orders to go where he chose in Kentucky, to attempt to capture Louisville, but was forbidden to cross the Ohio river.

Morgan’s Plan. – Morgan at once set about preparing for his raid, but in defiance of orders to the contrary he determined to cross the Ohio river somewhere near Louisville, make a rapid detour through southern Indiana and Ohio, and cross the river back into Kentucky at Buffington Island, about forty miles below Marietta.  In pursuance of this plan men were sent to Ohio to gather information and examine the fords of the upper Ohio.

His plan was daring and brilliant, as was also its execution, and but for the unexpected and unprecedented high water for the time of the year, which enabled gun boats to pass up the river with troops to cut off his escape, he would have brought his daring raiders through in safety.

Morgan Crosses Kentucky. – On the 2d of July he crossed the Cumberland with twenty four hundred and sixty men, and after a skirmish with Judah’s cavalry, was half way to Columbia before Judah (who had trusted to the swollen condition of the stream to prevent the crossing) could get his forces together. The next day he had a severe fight at the crossing of the Green river with a Michigan regiment under Col. Moore; they made a determined resistance, and Morgan, having no time to spare, was obliged to withdraw, found another crossing and hurried on through Campbellstown to Lebanon. Here were stationed three regiments, but two of them being some distance from town he overwhelmed the one in the town before the other two could get up and hastened on to Springfield, eight miles north, where he paroled his prisoners and turned northwest, marching direct for Brandensburg on the Ohio river, sixty miles below Louisville. Having tapped the telegraph wires, he learned that the forces at Louisville were too strong for him and gave up all desires against the city, but captured a train from Nashville when within thirty miles of Louisville.

Two companies were sent ahead to secure means of transportation across the Ohio river, which the main force reached upon the morning of the 8^th, having crossed the state of Kentucky in five days. Here he found the two companies sent forward had captured two packet boats, the “J. J. McCombs,” and “Alice Dean,” and he prepared for crossing, when some Indiana militia on the other side opened fire upon them with musketry and an old cannon mounted on wagon wheels; Morgan sent two of his regiments across, and bringing up his Parrott rifles the militia were forced to retreat, the two rebel regiments pursuing. The main force was about to follow, when a little tin-clad, the “Springfield,” came steaming down the river. “Suddenly checking her way,” writes Basil W. Duke, Morgan’s second in command, “she tossed her snub nose defiantly, like an angry beauty of the coal pits, sidled a little toward the town, and commenced to scold. A bluish white funnel-shaped cloud spouted from her left-hand bow, and shot flew at the town; then changing front forward she snapped a shell at the men on the other side. I wish I were sufficiently master of nautical phraseology to do justice to this little vixen’s style of fighting; but she was so unlike a horse, or even a piece of light artillery, that I cannot venture to attempt it.”

Morgan Crosses the Ohio in Indiana. – It was a critical moment for the raiders, as every hour of delay brought Hobson nearer in pursuit; but when Morgan’s Parrotts were turned upon her she was compelled to retire, owing to the inequality of the range of guns; the raiders then crossed the river, burned their boats, and had marched six miles before night.

 

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his strength and intentions and, by means of expert telegraphers, tapped the wires and kept informed of the movements against him. It was a part of his plan to avoid large towns and large bodies of militia, to cause false alarms and the concentration of the forces in the larger towns for defence, and then by rapid marching pass around the defended points, cross Indiana and Ohio and into Kentucky before his purpose could be divined or any adequate force be brought against him.

Reaches the Ohio Line. – He rapidly crossed Indiana, burning bridges, looting small towns, overwhelming any small force that offered any opposition, and releasing the prisoners on parole, until on Monday, July 13^th, he reached Harrison, on the State line between Indiana and Ohio.

“Here,” writes Duke, “Gen. Morgan began to maneuver for the benefit of the commanding officer at Cincinnati.  He took it for granted that there was a strong force of regular troops in Cincinnati. Burnside had them not far off, and Gen. Morgan supposed that they would of course be brought there. If we could get past Cincinnati safely, the danger of the expedition, he thought, would be more than half over. Here he expected to be confronted by the concentrated forces of Judah and Burnside, and he anticipated great difficulty in eluding or cutting his way through them. Once safely through this peril, his escape would be certain, unless the river remained so high that the transports could carry troops to intercept him at the upper crossings. Thinking that the great effort to capture him would be made as he crossed the Hamilton and Dayton railroad, his objective was to deceive the enemy as to the exact point where he would cross it, and denude that point as much as possible of troops. He sent detachments in various directions, seeking, however, to create the impression that he was marching to Hamilton.”

When Morgan entered Ohio his force amounted to less than 2,000 men, the others having been killed or captured in skirmishes, or, unable to keep up with the rapid marching of his flying column, had fallen behind exhausted, to be picked up by the citizen soldiery, who hovered round his line of march.

Passes Around Cincinnati. – While Cincinnati was filled with apprehension and alarm at Morgan’s advance, he, on the other hand, was equally apprehensive of danger from that city, and by the greatest march he had ever made slipped around it in the night. Duke says of this march: “It was a terrible, trying march. Strong men fell out of their saddles, and every halt the officers were compelled to move continually about in their respective companies and pull and haul the men, who would drop asleep in the road. It was the only way to keep them awake. Quite a number crept off into the fields, and slept until they were awakened by the enemy. . .  At length day appeared just as we reached the last point where we had to anticipate danger. We had passed through Glendale and all of the principal suburban roads, and were near the Little Miami railroad.

“. . . We crossed the railroad without opposition, and halted to feed the horses in sight of Camp Dennison. After a short rest here and a picket skirmish we resumed our march, burning in this neighborhood a park of government wagons. That evening at four o’clock we were at Williamsburg, twenty-eight miles east of Cincinnati, having marched since leaving Summansville, in Indiana, in a period of thirty-five hours, more than ninety miles – the greatest march that even Morgan had ever made. Feeling comparatively safe here, he permitted the division to go into camp and remain during the night.”

While Morgan was swinging his exhausted men around Cincinnati the following dispatches were sent to Gen. Burnside in that city:

“11.30 p.m.  A courier arrived last evening at Gen. Burnside’s headquarters, having left Cheviot at half-past eight p.m., with information for the general.  Cheviot is only five miles from the city. He states that about 500 of Morgan’s men had crossed the river at Miamitown, and attacked our pickets, killing or capturing one of them. Morgan’s main force, said to be 3,000 strong, was then crossing the river. A portion of the rebel force had been up to New Haven, and another had gone to New Baltimore, and partially destroyed both of those places. The light of the burning town was seen by our men. When the courier left Morgan was moving up, it was reported, to attack our advance.”

“1 a. m.  A courier has just arrived at headquarters from Colerain. He reports that the enemy, supposed to be 2,500 strong, with six pieces of artillery, crossed the Colerain pike at dark, at Bevis, going toward Burlington, or to Cincinnati and Hamilton pike, in direction of Springdale.”

“1.30 a. m.  A dispatch from Jones’ station states that the enemy are now encamped between Venice and New Baltimore.”

“2 a. m. Another dispatch says the enemy are coming in, or a squad of them, from New Baltimore toward Glendale, for the supposed purpose of destroying a bridge over the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad, near Glendale.”

“2 a. m.  A dispatch from Hamilton says it is believed that the main portion of Morgan’s force is moving in that direction, going east.  At this writing – quarter past 2 a. m. – it is the impression that Morgan’s main force is going east, while he has sent squads to burn bridges on the C. H. & D. R. R., and over the Miami river, but he may turn and come down this way, on some of the roads leading through Walnut Hills or Mt. Auburn.”

 

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service heretofore, began to be more effectively disposed: some at Camp Chase, for protection of the capital and to be thrown down into Southeastern Ohio to head off Morgan in front; others were assembled at Camp Dennison, to be sent after him by rail.

The Chase After Morgan. – All through the southern part of the State companies were mustered and hurried by extra trains to the points of danger. Hobson, who had done some remarkable marching, was only a few hours behind, and so close that Morgan had but little time burning bridges or impressments of fresh horses. Judah, with his troops, was dispatched by boats up the river to head off the galloping column. More than 50,000 militia, called out by Gov. Tod, were preparing to close in upon him from all parts of the state, and Morgan’s raid now became a chase. An overwhelming force was now closing in upon him from every side. Thoroughly realizing his situation, Morgan hastened forward to the ford at Bluffington Island.

Excitement and Plundering. – In the meanwhile the excitement and apprehension throughout southern Ohio was unprecedented. Horses and cattle were hurried to hiding places in the woods; silver plate, jewelry, and other valuables were buried while families left their homes and fled to more secure territory. Many ridiculous things were done.

“At least one terrified matron, in a pleasant inland town, forty miles from the rebel route, in her husband’s absence, resolved to protect the family’s carriage-horse at all hazards, and, knowing no safer plan, led him into the house and stabled him in the parlor, locking and bolting the doors and windows, whence the noise of his dismal tramping on the resounding floor sounded through the livelong night like distant peals of artillery, and kept half the citizens awake and watching for Morgan’s entrance.”

Horses and food were taken whenever wanted by raiding parties on both sides during the war, but no such plundering was known as that of Morgan’s raid. Duke frankly admits this. He says, “The disposition of the wholesale plunder exceeded anything that any of us had ever seen before.  The men seemed actuated by the desire to pay off in the enemy’s country all scores that the Union army had chalked up in the South. The great cause for apprehension which our situation might have inspired seemed only to make them reckless. Calico was the staple article of appropriation. Each man (who could get one) tied a bolt of it to his saddle, only to throw it away and get a fresh one at the first opportunity. They did not pillage with any sort of method or reason: it seemed to be a mania, senseless and purposeless. One man carried a bird-cage with three canaries in it for two days. Another rode with a chafing dish, which looked like a small metallic coffin, on the pommel of his saddle till an officer forced him to throw it away. Although the weather was intensely warm, another slung seven pairs of skates around his neck, and chuckled over the acquisition. I saw very few articles of real value taken; they pillaged like boys raiding an orchard. I would not have believed that such a passion could have been developed so ludicrously among any body of civilized men. At Piketon, Ohio, some days later, one man broke through the guard posted at a store, rushed in, trembling with excitement and avarice, and filled his pockets with horn buttons. They would, with few exceptions, throw away their plunder after a while, like children tired of their toys.”

Ridiculous action was not confined to Morgan’s men. Some militia marched from Camp Dennison after Morgan until near Batavia, then halted, and felled trees across the road, “to check him should he return.” A drawbridge was partially destroyed at Marietta, although Morgan did not come within twenty miles of the place. At Chillicothe they fired on some of their own militia, and burned a bridge over a stream always fordable.

Morgan Reaches the Ford at Buffington Island. – The evening of July 14 Morgan encamped at Williamsburg, twenty-eight miles east of Cincinnati. From there he marched through to Washington C. H., Piketon (Col. Richard Morgan going through Georgetown), Jackson, Vinton, Berlin, Pomeroy, and Chester, reaching the ford at Buffington Island on the 18^th. “At last the daring little column approached its goal. All the troops in Kentucky had been evaded and left behind. All the militia in Indiana had been dashed aside and outstripped. The 50,000 militia in Ohio had failed to turn it from its pre-determined path. Within precisely fifteen days from the morning it had crossed the Cumberland – nine days from its crossing into Indiana – it stood once more on the banks of the Ohio. A few more hours of daylight and it would be safely across, in the midst again of a population to which it might look for sympathy if not for aid. But the circle of the hunt was narrowing. Judah, with his fresh cavalry, was up, and was marching from the river against Morgan. Hobson was hard on his rear. Col. Runkle, commanding a division of militia, was north of him. And at last the local militia in advance of him were beginning to fell trees and tear up bridges to obstruct his progress. Near Pomeroy they made a stand. For four or five miles his road ran through a ravine, with occasional intersections from hill-roads. At all these crossroads he found the militia posted, and from the hills above him they made his passage through the ravine a perfect running of the gauntlet. On front, flank, and rear the militia pressed; and, as Morgan’s first subordinate ruefully expresses it, ‘closed eagerly upon our track.’ In such plight he passed through the ravine, and shaking clear of his pursuers for a little, pressed on to Chester, where he arrive about one o’clock in the afternoon.”

 

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horses and hunt a guide. This delay in the end proved fatal. This done, he pushed on and reached Portland, opposite Buffington Island, at eight in the evening. He found at the ford an earthwork hastily thrown up and guarded by a small body of men; it was a “night of solid darkness” as the rebel officers declared it, and the worn-out condition of horses and men decided him to wait the morning before attacking the earthwork and attempting to cross. Another for him unfortunate delay. “By morning Judah was up. At daybreak Duke advanced with a couple of rebel regiments and found it abandoned. He was rapidly making the dispositions for crossing when Judah’s advance struck him. At first he repulsed it and took a number of prisoners, the adjutant-general of Judah’s staff among them. Morgan then ordered him to hold the force on his front in check. He was not able to return to his command until it had been broken and thrown into full retreat before an impetuous charge of Judah’s cavalry, headed by Lieutenant O’Neil, of the Fifth Indiana. He succeeded in rallying them and reforming his line. But now, advancing up the Chester and Pomeroy road, came the gallant cavalry that over three states had been galloping on their track – the three thousand of Hobson’s command – who now for two weeks had been only a day, a forenoon, an hour behind them.

As Hobson’s guidons fluttered out in the little valley by the river bank where they fought, every man of that band who had so long defied a hundred thousand knew that the contest was over. They were almost out of ammunition, exhausted, and scarcely two thousand strong. Against them were Hobson’s three thousand and Judah’s still larger force. To complete the overwhelming odds that, in spite of their efforts, had been concentrated up them, the tin-clad gunboats steamed up and opened fire.

Morgan comprehended the situation as fast as the hard riding troopers, who, still clinging to their bolts of calico, were already beginning to gallop toward the rear. He at once essayed to extricate his trains, and to withdraw his regiments by columns of fours from right of companies, keeping up meanwhile as sturdy a resistance as he might. For some distance the withdrawal was made in tolerable order; then under a charge of a Michigan cavalry regiment, everything was broken and the retreat became a rout. Morgan with not quite twelve hundred men escaped. His brother with Colonel Duke Ward Huffman, and about seven hundred men, were taken prisoner. This was the battle of Buffington Island. It was brief and decisive. But for his two grave mistakes of the night before Morgan might have avoided it and escaped.

The loss on the Union side was trifling, but among the killed was Major Dan’l McCook, farther of one of the tribes of the “Fighting McCooks.”

Morgan Continues His Flight.—“And now began the dreariest experience of the rebel chief. Twenty miles above Buffington he struck for the river again, got three hundred of his command across, when the approaching gunboats checked the passage. Returning to the nine hundred still on the Ohio side he once more renewed the hurried flight. His men were worn down and exhausted by long continued and enormous work; they were demoralized by pillage, discouraged by shattering of their command, weakened most of all by their loss of faith in themselves and their commander, surrounded by a multitude of foes, harassed on every hand, intercepted at every loophole of escape, hunted like game night and day, driven hither and thither in their vain efforts to double on their remorseless pursuers. . . . Yet to the very last the energy of this daring cavalryman displayed was such as to exhort our admiration. From the jaws of disaster he drew out the remnants of his command at Buffington.

Crosses the Muskingham. – When foiled in the attempted crossing above, he headed for the Muskingham. Foiled here by the militia under Runkle, he doubled on his track and headed again toward Blennerhassett Island. The clouds of dust that marked his track betrayed the movement and on three sides his pursuers closed in on him. While they slept in peaceful expectation of receiving his surrender in the morning, he stole out along a hillside that had been thought impassable, his men walking in single file and leading their horses, and by midnight he was once more out of the toils, marching hard to outstrip his pursuers. At last he found an unguarded crossing of the Muskingham, at Eaglesport, above McConnelsville, and then with an open country before him, struck out once more for the Ohio.

The Surrender. – This time Gov. Tod’s sagacity was vindicated. He urged the shipment of troops by rail to Bellaire, near Wheeling, and by great fortune, Major Way, of the Ninth Michigan Cavalry, received the orders. Presently his officer as on the scent. “Morgan is making for Hammondsville,” he telegraphed General Burnside on the 25^th, and will attempt to cross the Ohio at Wellsville. I have my section of battery and will follow him closely.” He kept his word and delivered the finishing stroke. “Morgan was attacked with the remnant of his command at eight o’clock this morning,” announced General Burnside on the next day, “at Salineville, by Major Way, who after a severe fight, routed the enemy, killed about thirty, wounded some fifty, and took some two hundred prisoners. Six hours later the long race was ended: “I captured John Morgan today at two o’clock p.m.” telegraphed Major Rue, of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry, on the evening of the 26^th, “taking three hundred and thirty-six prisoners, four hundred horses and arms.”

 

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by cutting through the stone floor of his cell (with knives from the kitchen table) until they reached an air chamber below, from which they tunneled through the walls of the prison and by means of ropes made from their bed clothes scaled the outer wall; hastening to the depot they boarded a train on the Little Miami railroad for Cincinnati, and when near that city they jumped from the train, made their way to the Ohio river, which they crossed and soon were within the Confederate lines. A year later Morgan was killed while on a raid in an obscure little village in East Tennessee.

 

The following letter written a few days after Morgan had passed through Butler county, is an amusing addition to the history of the raid. It was written by Mr. C. F. WARREN, merchant, of Cincinnati, to his friend, H. H. FORD, Esq., of Barton, Geauga county, and dated Jones Station, July 19^th. It is here for the first time published and is given as an illustration of the spirit of the times.

 

I returned last night after an absence of two weeks, during which time Morgan’s forces passed through, creating great consternation throughout the country; they came within a mile an a half of us at the nearest point., and at Springdale, the little village just below us, they called up our butcher, Mr. Watson, at one o’clock at night, and bade him get some breakfast. He began to make excuses, among others no fire; Morgan suggested that it would be better for him to make the fire than for him to do it, as it might be inconvenient to put his fire out, so Watson took the hint and got their breakfast. After it was ready and the coffee on the table, Mrs. Watson was called to take a cup of it first, and none of them touched it until they were satisfied that she had not poisoned it.

They took horses from every man along the road, but did not take other property except forage for their horses and food for themselves. Mr. JONES, (a neighbor), and NEWTON (the hired man) were out scouting before and after they passed, and took one prisoner in the graveyard at Springdale and sent him to the city. As soon as he found he was covered by their rifles he began crying and begging not to be shot.

Morgan’s men were very much fatigued, getting to sleep in their saddles and falling to the ground without waking. After they passed, Ned and a neighbor’s boy, younger than he, and the darky concluded to follow them a while, and on their return met Hobson cavalry just out of Glendale.  As soon as they saw them, Ned and the boy wheeled their horses into a cross road and called to the darky to follow; at the same time the cavalry were close to Newton and called on him to stop – they wanted his horse – and also that of the boy. Ned was on an old black and had on my spurs, and he put the horse to the top of his speed; he had to go round a half-square; two of the cavalry broke through the fence with their horses and thought to head them, but old black was too sharp for them, and when they saw that they could not catch them, they both discharged their pieces, the balls striking in a potato patch near them; by this time they had reached the Princeton pike, where they encountered two more and had another race and two more shots after them, but the worn-out and jaded horses were no match for the fresh ones the boys rode, and the later “made port with flying colors.”

Newton in the meantime was caught and compelled to swap my bay mare Kate for a three-year-old filly, shoeless, footsore and unbroken to harness. . . . Nearly all the neighbors kept patrol around their premises, so there could be an immediate alarm given, and the scouts were going and coming to our station to telegraph Gen. Burnside. There are any amount of incidents connected with the passage of Morgan’s troopers through the county that are interesting, as showing their contempt for Vallandigham copperheads; one old copper lost three horses and thought to get them back, if they only knew what he was. So he harnessed up the poorest horse he could get that would travel fast enough to catch them, and went after them, overtook the rear guard and told them he wanted to see the officer in command. The colonel came back and the old doctor began to say “that he was for Vallandigham, and opposed to the war,” etc.

 

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This was the sentiment, but not the exact words; now, just imagine an old dignified chap, somewhat corpulent, who never smiled, the oracle of all the Democrats in the town where he lived, singing a song of that kind, set to a lively negro minstrel tune, and a soldier standing over him brandishing a saber and shouting at the top of his voice, “Go it, old Yank! Louder! Louder!” etc. – and you have the picture complete; after all this they were about to depart when the officer in command suddenly concluded the horse they were driving was better than some he had, and kindly permitted them to unharness him and put another in his place; they then took what money he had except nine dollars, and brought him three little rats of horses, whose backs were raw from the withers to the rump, gave him three cheers and started him for home.

Thus far since his return he has not been heard to say “Peace” once, or even “Hurrah for Vallandigham!” and it is extremely doubtful whether he will.

The doctor’s companion was a sort of “Hail fellow, well met,” and although begged not to tell the story could not possibly resist it; it was entirely too good to be kept.

The capture of Morgan occasioned great rejoicing, and Prentice, of the Louisville Journal, the newspaper wag of that era, alluding to the habitual seizure of horses by Morgan’s men, suggested that a salute of one gun be fired for every stable door in the land. One who was present just after the surrender wrote: “Morgan’s men were poorly dressed, ragged, dirty, and very poorly used up. Some of them wore remnants of grey uniforms, but most of them were attired in spoils gathered during the raid. They were much discouraged by the result of the raid and the prospect of affairs generally. Morgan himself appeared in good spirits and quite unconcerned at his ill luck. He is a well-built man, of fresh complexion, sandy hair and beard. He last night enjoyed for the first time in a long while the comforts of a sound sleep in a good bed. Morgan was attired in a linen coat, black pants, and white shirt and light felt hat. He has rather a mild face, there being certainly nothing in it to indicate unusual intellectual abilities.” Reid says of him, “He left a name second only to those of Forrest and Stuart among the cavalrymen of the Confederacy, and a character, amid which much to be condemned, was not without traces of noble nature.”

Among the anecdotes told of him during his raid through Ohio is this. A Union soldier, after his surrender, was in the act of breaking his musket across a rock, when one of Morgan’s officers drew a revolver, intending to shoot him, which Morgan seeing at once forbade, and then added: “Never harm a man who has surrendered. In breaking his musket, he has done just as I would were I in his place.”

Morgan was a lieutenant of cavalry in the Mexican war. At the opening of the civil war he was engaged in the manufacture of bagging at Lexington, Ky. During the winter of 1862-63 he commanded a cavalry force which greatly annoyed Rosencrans’s communications. By his raids in Kentucky he destroyed millions in value of military stores, captured railroad trains and destroyed railroad bridges in rear of the national army, rendering it necessary to garrison every important town in the state. He moved with great celerity, and, taking a telegraph operator with him, he misled his foes and at the same time learned their movements. Morgan was physically large, powerful man and could endure any amount of bodily exertion, outriding and without sleep almost every other man in his command.

 

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East Liverpool has 4 newspapers: Crisis, Dem., J. C. DEIBRICK, publisher; Evening and Weekly Review, Rep., W. B. McCORD, publisher; Potter’s Gazette, Rep., Frank SCRAWL, publisher; Tribune, Rep., J. N. SIMMS, editor. Churches: Episcopal, Catholic, Presbyterian, United Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, Methodist Protestant, Evangelical Lutheran and St. John’s German Lutheran. Banks: First National, Josiah THOMPSON, president, F. D. KITCHEL, cashier.

Manufactures and Employees. – McNicol, Burton & Co., pottery ware, 113 hands; Burford Brothers, pottery ware, 59; Dresden Co-operative Co., pottery ware, 222; S. & W. Baggot, pottery ware, 48; H. Brunt & Sons, 31; Rowe & Mounfort, pottery supplies, 35; Standard Cooperative Pottery Co., pottery ware, 61; Goodwin Brothers, pottery ware, 170; Golding & Sons Co., flint and spar, 8; C. C. Thompson & Co., pottery ware, 205; Cartwright Brothers, pottery ware, 84; Croxall & Cartwright, pottery ware, 47; Knowles, Taylor & Knowles, pottery ware, 613; A. J. Bover, machine work, 14; Monroe Patterson, pottery machinery, 5; George Morely & Sons, pottery ware, 49; J.Wyllie & Son, pottery ware, 66; Vodrey Brothers, pottery ware, 64; William Brunt, Son & Co.,

 

H. Bower, Photo., East Liverpool, 1887.

KNOWLES, TAYLOR & KNOWLES’ POTTERY, EAST LIVERPOOL.

[The view shows what is said to be the largest pottery in capacity and production in the

world.  The fuel is natural gas.  The decorating building appears on the left, the main works

on the right and the hills on the Virginia side of the Ohio in the distance.]

 

Pottery ware, 190; Homer Laughlin, pottery ware, 137; George Harker, pottery ware, 105; Friederick, Shenkle, Allen & Co., pottery ware, 50; Burgess & Co., pottery material, 22; R. Thompson & Sons, knob tops, 46; Wallace & Chetwynd, pottery ware, 101, - State Report for 1887.

Population in 1880, 5,568. School census in 1886, 2,582; A.J. SURFACE, superintendent.

The great feature of East Liverpool is its pottery industry. Being in the heart of a country rich in mineral and chemical deposits, it has grown to be the centre of the pottery interests of the United States. Although in the immediate vicinity of East Liverpool are valuable coal beds, most of its factories use natural gas.

 

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& Co., but it was not until 1862 that any great progress was made, when Congress imposed a tariff of 40 percent on earthen ware, which resulted in giving a new impetus to the industry. Up to 1873 none but yellow ware had been produced. In that year Messrs. KNOWLES, TAYLOR & KNOWLES turned their attention to the production of white granite ware, meeting with success. Others followed their example, among them HOMER and S. M. LAUGHLIN, who in the autumn of the same year built a large factory for the production of white ware. Since then considerable attention has been given to the production of C. C., or cream-colored, ware and to decorative pottery. At the present time over fifty kilns are devoted to the manufacture of white ware, twelve or more to cream-colored ware and over thirty to yellow ware. The value of the yearly production of a white ware kiln is from $30,000 to $35,000, a C. C. kiln about $25,000 and a yellow ware kiln $15,000 to $18,000, while the annual output of all the potteries is more than $2,000,000.

Senator John SHERMAN, in an address at Liverpool, June 23, 1887, gave a very interesting account, from the standpoint of a perfectionist, of the growth and causes that led to the development of this great industry. Said he:

 

Several years ago I came among you, but I was not then as familiar with the great industry that has given you wealth and name throughout the land as well as abroad as I am now. I believe that the manufacturing of pottery or chinaware first assumed large proportions here in 1861 or 1862, but in that time it met with discouragements and did not prosper. At that time all, or nearly all, the white china used in this country was imported from England. The English manufacturers, hearing of your efforts and your success through their representatives, made strenuous effort to keep off a duty on their goods. You came to Congress and asked that a reasonable duty be placed upon imported white ware and decorated china that you might carry on successfully and profitably your industry. It was there that I first learned of the great industry you were pursing.

At that time this business was scarcely known in the United States. We had here in this locality all the clay and all the materials for manufacturing their goods, and you had the money and the pluck and ability to utilize them. But with English competition and cheap labor in that country you could not succeed. All the people in the West used common brown pottery because they could not afford to pay the high prices asked for imported ware. I have eaten my meals many a time from the brown plates or from the tin ware in the homes of good and honest men who could not afford to buy the English china. Owing to the encouragement given to the tariff after the war, this industry grew and you prospered. I then visited your town and your potteries and found you had been going ahead and were manufacturing superior ware, and in 1883, when an attempt was made to break down the tariff on these goods, with your true friend, Major McKinley, and others, we stood by you and the tariff was continued. A gentleman said to me East Liverpool cannot compete with England, and the attempts of the potteries in that place will be futile, and argued that it was better to break down the tariff and depend upon England. . . . . The result of the protection given you has driven English goods from our market, and it has brought English labor in your midst, skilled workmen who are making finer and better goods than England can make and selling them cheaper. I was astonished today when I saw the kind and class of goods you are making, and have never seen any decorated ware more beautiful or more delicate in Europe. The time is not far distant when the works of art in china from East Liverpool will sell as high and be in as great demand as the finest goods from Europe.

 

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TRAVELLING NOTES

May 2.—Came to-day from Martin’s Ferry by rail through the valley to East Liverpool, passing Steubenville; returned at 8 p.m. to Steubenville. East Liverpool lies on undulating ground well elevated from the river and only two or three miles from that giant State, Pennsylvania. The potteries are somewhat scattered; some by the river bank; some on the second level near high valley hills.

The town is open, the buildings scattered, the streets wide and airy; one is named Broadway. A certain quarter, on a side hill, consists mainly of dwellings, and, being away from the observation of strangers, bears the eccentric appellation “Seldom Seen,” so I was told, for by me it was “Never Seen.”

The ride up the river was attractive, for from Steubenville one passes through several pottery villages, as Calumet, Toronto, Walker’s, etc. This part of the valley is a hive of industry for the manufacture of what are called “clay goods.” The development

Filson, Photo., Steubenville

The decline of Day on the Upper Ohio

 

 

[The view was taken near the close of day from HUSCROSFT’S farm on the Richmond road about three miles above Steubenville, looking up the Ohio river. The ENGLEBRIGHT, or Half Moon farm appears in the distance on the right, or West Virginia side of the river.

 

 

of this industry is enormous; it is estimated that of white ware alone E. Liverpool produces one-third of all manufactured in the United States; Trenton one-half, leaving one-sixth to the scattered establishments elsewhere.

Of white ware Knowles, Taylor & Knowles produce twice as much as any other two companies in the country. Besides the 500 hands employed under cover in their works they have 700 men in their pay in the country. They use fifteen tons of clay daily and turn out a crate of ware every ten minutes.

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Margaret FULLER, the Countess D’Ossoli; Margaret was said to have been not only the best conversationalist of her time but to have magnetic faculty by her speech to so stimulate the talking powers of any ordinary mortal as to astonish listening relatives to discover that “our Jack” or “Dolly”—whatever it was—knew so much.

Willis said “nature uncorks her champagne twice a day, morning and evening.” Then shade darkens into shade in infinite gradation, while the high lights on the distant water or the mountain summits attract with a power of beauty akin to Divine truth on the heart of man. On that long ago passage up the river it was towards the close of a day in early June that we sat on the upper deck and drank in the beauty of the upper Ohio. From the continual changes in the valley the river came under the eye of a succession of beautiful lakes bordered with grassy meadows and softly sloping wood-crowned hills.

Just above Steubenville, on the West Virginia side, is a spot known as the ENGLEBRIGHT, or Half Moon farm, which is greatly admired. It occupies a broad expanse of meadow land a mile and a half long in the shape of a half moon, with the river on the west making the inner curve, while lofty hills frame the outer convex line.

Cole, the artist, in his youth, nearly seventy years ago, lived in Steubenville. He made studies of the Ohio river scenery and introduced it largely in his pictures, notably in his celebrated series, “The Voyage of Life.” He was early famous for his exquisite paintings of our natural scenery, and took some specimens to England. The English critics, who knew nothing of the glories or our forests at that season, their own being devoid of any brilliancy of hue, pooh-poohed at his pictures as untruthful and farcical.

In traveling through the West one often meets with scenes that remind him of another land. The foreigner that makes his home upon American soil does

 

Drawn by Henry Howe in 846.

The Cottage of a German Swiss Emigrant.

 

not at once assimilate in language, modes of life, and current of thought with that congenial to his adopted country. The German emigrant is peculiar in this respect, and so much attached is he to his fatherland that years often elapse ere there is any perceptible change. The annexed engraving illustrates these remarks. It shows the mud cottage of a German Swiss emigrant, now standing in the neighborhood of others of like character, in the northwestern part of this county. The frame-work is of wood, with the interstices filled with light-colored clay, and the whole surmounted by a ponderous shingled roof a picturesque form. Beside the tenement hop vines are clustering around their slender supporters, while hard by stands the abandoned log-dwelling of the emigrant – deserted for one more congenial with his early predilections.

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On our first appearing in the county we unexpectedly came across this unique structure, when we alighted from old Pomp and made a pencil sketch for this engraving. On our second appearing we learned it had stood up to within a few years; and as there is, alas! nothing permanent in this, gone too must be that feeding curly tailed specimen in the foreground, whose sole business and high pleasure in life was to eat, grunt and grow fat; his usefulness to our kind coming when he should no longer eat but be eaten.

Wellsville in 1846.—Wellsville is at the mouth of Yellow creek, on the great bend of the Ohio river, here it approximates nearest to Lake Erie, fifty miles below Pittsburg and fourteen from New Lisbon. It was laid out in the autumn of 1824 by William Wells, from whom it derived its name. Until 1828 it contained but a few buildings; it is now an important point for the shipment and transshipment of goods, and does a large business with the surrounding country. The landing is one of the best, in all stages of water, on the river. This flourishing town has 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal Methodist, 1 Reformed Methodist, and 1 Disciples church, 1 newspaper printing office, 1 linseed-oil and 1 saw-mill, 1

 

Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846.

Wellsville, on the Ohio.

 

pottery, 1 raw-carding machine, 1 foundry, 16 mercantile stores, and in 1840 had a population of 759, and in 1846, 1,066. The view, taken from the Virginia bank of the Ohio, shows but a small part of the town. About a mile below, on the river-bank, in a natural grove, are several beautiful private dwellings. The “Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad,” ninety-seven miles in length, will commence at Cleveland and terminate at Wellsville, and whenever built will tend to make Wellsville a place of great business and population. A survey for this work has recently been made, and there is a good prospect of its being constructed. – Old Edition.

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Manufactures and Employees. - C. & P. R. R. shops, railroad repairs, 295 hands; Wellsville Plate and Sheet-Iron Company, plate and sheet-iron, 210; Wellsville Terra-Cotta Works, sewer-pipe, etc., 45; Whitacre & Co., wood-turning, 45; Stevenson & Co., sewer-pipe machinery, 25; J. Patterson & Son, yellow-ware, 32; Pioneer Pottery Works, white granite-ware, 87.—State Report for 1887. Population in 880, 3,377. School census, 1,386; James L. McDONALD, superintendent.

Walker’s, forty-six miles below Pittsburg, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad, two miles east of Wellsville and two west of East Liverpool, is the location of the oldest and most extensive works in America manufacturing terra-cotta and vitrified clay gods. The works are built at the foot of the highest bluff on the Ohio between Pittsburg and Cairo, with a frontage of more than a mile on the river. Here are over 300 acres of land rich in clay and coal, on which are erected factories and dwellings for operatives. The deposits of clay are said to be the richest and largest in the Union, yielding a great variety of clays suitable for fire-brick, sewer-pipe, and fancy terra-cotta wares. This great industry was established in 1852 by Mr. N. U. WALKER.

The place has the advantage of low freightage to all points on the Ohio and Mississippi. The Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad also runs through the works, with ample sidings and direct communications with all main lines running east and west.

The Ohio “Geological Report” says: “Nearly all the river works make terra-cotta, but at N. U. Walker's the best ware of the district and the most of it is made. His daily product would amount to twenty-four tons of ware—about twenty in flues, etc., and four in statuary and finer grades of work.

Leetonia, at the intersection of the P. Ft. W. & C. R. R. and Niles and New Lisbon R. R. was laid out in 1866 by the Leetonia Coal and Iron Company, of which William LEE, a railroad contractor, was one of the incorporators, and from him the village took its name. In 1866 the post-office was opened and first hotel started. Few places in the State can show such rapid growth in the same period of time. In 1865 it had but a single farmhouse; in 1870 a population of 1,800; it now contains about 3,000. Newspaper: Democrat, Democratic. T. S. ARNOLD; publisher. Churches: Presbyterian, Methodist, Disciples, Catholic, Lutheran. Bank: First National, William SMICK, president, W. G. HENDERICKS, cashier.

Manufactures and Employees. – Cherry Valley Iron Company, pig, bar, and muck-iron, 360 hands; Grafton Iron Company, pig-iron, 70; Randall, Rankin & Co., flour and feed; Leetonia Boiler-Works Company, boilers and bridges – State Report. Population in 1880, 2,522. School census 1886, 948; G. W. HENRY, superintendent.

Columbiana, sixty miles from Pittsburg, on the P. Ft. W. & C. R. R.  Newspaper: Independent Register, Republican, John FLAUGER, publisher. Churches: Reformed, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian and Lutheran. Bank: J. Esterly & Co., J. ESTERLY, manager; Shilling & Co., S. S. SHILLING, manager.

Principal Industries.—Enterprise Works, formerly Columbiana Pump Works; Eureka Flouring Mills; two bending works, planning mill, and extensive buggy manufacturing. Census in 1880, 1,223. School census in 1886, 948; G. W. HENRY, superintendent.

Salineville, on Yellow creek and P. Ft. & W. R. R., sixty-three miles from Pittsburg. Newspaper: Ohio Advance, J. K. Smith, proprietor. Churches: Methodist, Presbyterian, Disciples and Catholic. Bank: Cope & Thompson. Principal industries: manufacturing salt and coal-mining. Population in 1880, 2,302. School census in 1886, 974; William H. HILL, superintendent.

East Palestine, formerly called Mechanicsburg, was incorporated in 1875. Newspapers: Valley Echo, Independent, T. W. & R. M. WINTER, publisher; Reveille, S. H. MANEVAL, publisher. Churches: 2 Presbyterian, 1 United Brethren, 1 Methodist. Bank: Chamberlain Bros. & Co.  Principal industry: coal-mining. Population in 1880, 1,047. School census in 1886, 626; G. B. GALBRAITH, superintendent.