Select County Adams Allen Ashland Ashtubula Athens Auglaize Belmont Brown Butler Carroll Champaign Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Conshocton Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union VanWert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Wood

Page 786

Top Picture

Farny del.

THE TRANSRHENANE WAITER.

 

Middle Pictures

Farny del.

Left: THE SAUSAGE MAN. Right: THE WIENER WURST MAN.

 

Bottom Picture

Farny del.

Page 787

 

plaining, grew fat and cheerful and has looked smiling from that day to this. She had been to Palestine arid got back.

 

This speaking of the Holy Land carries us back by association to childhood years, to our father’s house, to a pretty picture acted there, wherein the maid of the broom, moving from room to room, rosy, blithe and happy, doing the useful things, as making the beds and spatting the pillows, was wont from the abundance of her heart, to burst out birdlike in song, her mind being upon love and the gay cavaliers in the days of chivalry, as she caroled froth:

 

“It was Dunois, the young and brave, Was bound for Palestine.”

 

The word Crusade, which the good ladies used to designate their forays upon the saloons, we verily believe, by the association of ideas—the romantic word with the prosaic fact—helped to lighten their disagreeable labors. To them every saloon was a Jerusalem to be taken, but without the holy places.

 

The Original German Immigrants to Cincinnati are mainly of the humble classes. But very few people of elegance are among them. They are a highly valued body of citizens, commanding respect for their industry and general sobriety of deportment.

 

An excellent and very wealthy part of the German element is the Hebrew. They, how-ever, are German but little more than in language. Everywhere they are the same peculiar people.

 

The routine of their domestic daily lives, the preparation of their food, etc, is regulated by certain rules and ceremonies which form an essential part of their religion, so that they never can socially assimilate with other people. There is very little visiting between the families of Jew and Gentiles.

 

Cincinnati is a sort of paradise for the He-brews. They number about 10,000 souls. Among them are some very learned men, as the Rabbis WISE and LILIENTHAL. Finer specimens of mercantile honor and integrity do not exist than are exemplified in some of their leading merchants.

 

These people—we speak from knowledge and neighborhood—carry out among themselves more closely perhaps than is common even with Christians, the Christly injunction, “Love one another.” This is not surprising as previous to the year A. D. 1, they had all Christianity there was anywhere. They allow none among them to sink into pauperism, but help each other with stinted hand. And when one returns from a journey his friends run to embrace and kiss him. Music, dancing, theatricals, gayety, bright colors and a good time in this life are the cardinal objects with them. Originally an Oriental people, they naturally take to bright sensuous things. As many of them nowadays have serous doubts of immortality, these act on the principle of “eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die.” This is pitiful when we reflect that the highest joy and the loftiest virtue only can come to the soul when it feels its inestimable value through its conviction of immortality.

 

The Cause of Cincinnati’s Pre-eminence.—It may be asked, why has Cincinnati obtained its pre-eminence in art, literature, and public spirit over other Western cities, for instance Chicago? We answer, Cincinnati is older than this century. More than forty years ago, when Chicago was a mere fort and Indian trading post, Cincinnati was a city of 25,000 people with a cultured society noted even then for its fostership of literature and art. In those days Cincinnati had such men as Chief-Justice McLEAN, Salmon P. CHASE, Jacob BURNETT, Dr. Daniel DRAKE, James C. HALL, Nicholas LONGWORTH, Nathaniel WRIGHT, Nat. G. PENDLETON, Charles HAMMOND, Henry STARR, Bellamy STORER, Larz ANDERSON, Bishop Mc ILVAIN, Lyman BEECHER, D. K. ESTE, John P. FOOTE, Nathan GUILFORD, General William LYTLE, General William H. HARRISON, Colonel Jared MANSFIED, etc. The last named had been Surveyor-General of the N. W. Territory and Professor of Mathematics at West Point.

 

Brilliant Women.—Colonel MANSFIELD, with Mrs. MANSFIELD, where natives of this city, and she it was who introduced into Cincinnati society the custom of New Year calls. Probably there is scarcely a single individual, aside from this writer, in this, the city of her birth and childhood, who remembers this lady, now long since deceased. But New Haven never produced, nor Cincinnati never held, a more queenly woman. Her son The Hon. E. D. MANSFIELD, the statistician of Ohio and well-known writer of Cincinnati, who graduated at the head of his class at Princeton, and the second at West Point, is New Haven born. Although about as old as the century, his spirits are as buoyant, as youthful as those of any school-boy who now carries a happy morning face through the streets of his native city. Among other ladies who have figured in the old society of the city were Mrs. TROLLOPE, Fanny WRIGHT DARUSEMONT and Harriet BEECHER STOWE.

 

Cincinnati’s and Chicago’s Characteristics.— Cincinnati has ever been a great manufacturing and creating centre, instead of a great trading, distribution, land speculating point like Chicago.  The latter in consequence has drawn to itself from its first uprising out of the box, hosts of wild speculators and adventurers of all sorts, who came under the influence of the elixir of an exhilarating climate, with their imaginations excited to money making by the sight of vast prairies of wonderful fertility stretching away in easy gradations for its site, forming a greater body of rich land than lies around any other city in all Christendom.

Page 788

 

LONGWORTHS, GROESBECKS, DEXTERS, PENDLETONS, ANDERSONS, GOSHORNS, etc. who take immense pride in their native city, forming a nucleus around which gather those forces which are impelling it on its upward career.

 

Cincinnati a Literary Centre.— Cincinnati, more than any other Western city, has been a literary centre—a great book-publishing, book-selling mart. The bookstore of Robert CLARK & Co. is the literary focus of the city and adjoining States. There one meets with the most eminent characters of society. Said a prominent bookseller of Chicago to a member of this firm: “I don’t understand how you Cincinnatians sell such quantities of the higher class of scientific works—the books of the great thinkers and specialists; we have very little call for them here.” A partial solution of this may be found in the partial solution of this may be found in the capacity of the Cincinnati bookseller! The value of a bookseller, genial, book-loving and book-knowing to any community that has his services, are they not, Oh! Appreciative reader, beyond your arithmetic?”

 

The Hills and Clifton.—Eventually the city plain will be devoted entirely to business and the homes of the people be “Cincinnati on the Hills.” Now the finest of the palatial residences are there with the outlying districts of Mount Auburn, Walnut Hills, Price Hill, and Clifton.

 

Clifton is a collection of magnificent chateaux, four miles from the city, amid groves and grassy lawns, which in architectural display, combines with landscape adornment and picturesque outlooks, had not, says a German author, its equal but in one spot in Europe. Clifton has been the astonishment of foreigners who have accepted the hospitalities of its price-like dwellers, among whom may be mentioned: The Prince of Wales, Charles Dickens, Thackeray, and those Queens of Song, Jenny Lind, and Christine Nilsson. There in a palace resides Henry PROBASCO, once a penniless youth, who gave the Tyler-Davidson fountain to Cincinnati. He alike proposes the same with his magnificent picture gallery valued at $200,000 soon as the citizens erect a suitable building, which they are certain to do some day. Another resident is William S. GROESBECK, who gave $50,000 for music in the parks. He it was who told his brother Democrats at the close of the rebellion, that they must accept the issue of the question of State Rights as ended. Said he, “war legislates, the trial of arms is the final Court of Appeals.” George PENDLETON, the famous Democratic leader, is also there. He is sometimes called “Gentleman George,” from the suave manners and good fellowship generally. He is what is termed “a handsome man,” compact full rounded, with dark sparking eyes. Richard SMITH, proprietor of the Cincinnati Gazette also dwells in Clifton. He is a plain, unostentatious citizen, who will receive in his office with more attention a poor crone of a woman who comes to crave charity than any swelling individual who calls under circumstances of pomp and state.

 

Beauty of the Country.—The country on the hills is surpassingly beautiful. The formation is the blue limestone, and geologist say peculiar. Trilobites—perfect marine shells—are found in abundance. The surface is disposed in soft, exquisitely graceful swells with no abrupt transitions. In places the beech woods stretch away over hills and through dale in billowy swells, the ground one continuous green lawn with no underbrush to mar the prospect under the lights and shadows on the leafy canopies. For height combined with massiveness and luxuriance of foliage, no tree within our knowledge is equal to the beech to the New England elm. Where the beech grows the soil is fat and luxuriant for the corn, the wheat and the good things that plump out the ribs rejoice and make laugher the inner man.

 

On these hill sides, amid the lesser value, within easy rides from the city are many charming suburban homes of the well-to-do citizens, sweet surprises to the stranger as they suddenly burst upon him from out a wilderness of green things. These are often reached by some sequestered by-road, winding through some lesser vale, where one might easily fancy they were a hundred miles away from any city. There are many such places all unknown to the masses who delve and sweat out their lives in the great hot, sooty town. At one of these, on a lofty eminence opposite Clifton, called “Makatewah” from the Indian name of the deep, broad valley which they each overlook—the first from the east and the last from the west and near two miles apart-we had passed so many happy days, escapes from the heat, dust and brain worrying life of the hot city, that although unused to versification, we could not refrain from tribute.

 

 

Page 789

 

This region, like that of Athens of old, has the prime requisite for a perfect climate, being just in that latitude when one can remain out of doors in comfort the greatest number of days in the year. The time is not distant when this centre will number a million of people. Then “Cincinnati on the Hills” will be one of the choice spots of this earth. This form the extraordinary resources and beauty of the country, combines with the extraordinary public spirit of her citizens:—the latter moving with an accelerated increase from the habits already established, all combining to render this a great art centre and focus of all which broadens life and renders it sweet and beneficent.

 

 

CINCINNATI (Statistical) in 1888

 

Cincinnati county-seat of Hamilton, largest city in the State, is in a direct line about 100 miles from Columbus. It is on the north bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Licking river, about midway between Pittsburg and the source, and Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio river. It is within a few miles of the centre of the population of the United states. Railroads entering the city are the O. & N.W.; C H. & D.; C. I. St. L. & C.; C. L.&N,; C. G. & P.; C.C.C. & I.; C.S., B. & O.; W & B; N.Y.P. & O.; O. & M.; C & M.V.; P.C. & St. L.; C & W.; C. H.; K. C.; N.N. & M.; C. J. & M.; L & N.; C. & O.; and C. N. O & T. P.

 

County officers in 1888.—Auditor, Frederick RAINE; Clerk, Daniel J. DALTON, John B. PEASLEE; Commissioners, William ANTHONY, Luke A. STALEY, Herman H. GOESLING; Coroner, John H. RENDIGS; Infirmary Directors, Charles S. DUNN, John H. PENNY, Tilden R. FRENCH; Probate Judge, Herman P. GOEBEL; Prosecuting Attorney, John C. SCHWARTZ; Recorder, George HOBSON; Sheriff, Leo SCHOTT; Surveyor, Albert A. BRASHER; Treasurer, John ZUMSTEIN.

 

City Officers in 1888.—Amor SMITH, JR.; Mayor; Edwin HENDERSON, Clerk; E. O. ESHELBY, Comptroller; Albert F. BOHRER, Treasurer: Theo. HORSTMAN, Solicitor; John A. CALDWELL, Judge of Police Court; Emil REESE, Clerk of Police Court; John G. SCHWARTZ, Prosecuting Attorney: Philip DIESCH, Superintendent of Police.

 

Newspapers.—The number of periodicals of all kinds is 133, of which there are 14 dailies and 46 weeklies. The principal dailies are Enquirer, Democratic, John R. M’LEAN, Editor and Publisher: Commercial Gazette, Republican, Murat HALSTEAD, Editor: Times Star, Independent; Evening Post; Evening Telegram; Sun, Democratic. German: Abend Presse; Independent; Freie Press, Democratic; Volksblatt, Democratic, Henry HAACKE, Editor and Publisher; Volksblatt, Republican. Religious Weeklies: American Christian Reviews, Disciples: American Israelite; Catholic Telegraph; Christliche Apologete, Christian Standard, Christian; Herald and Presbyter, Presbyterian; Journal and Messenger, Baptist;

 

__________________

Page 790

 

Sabbath Visitor, Jewish; Wahrheits Freund, Catholic; Western Christian Advocate, Methodist.

 

Churches.— Cincinnati has over 200 churches, among which are Roman Catholic, 51, Methodist, 37; Presbyterian, 24: Congregational, 5, Protestant Episcopal, 19, Baptist, 18; German Evangelical, 15; Jewish Synagogue, 7, Disciples of Christ, 6; United Brethren, 3; Friends, 2; also 1 each Hollandische Reformed, Church of New Jerusalem, Universalist and Unitarian.

 

Charities.—There are five hospitals, viz.: the Cincinnati, two Catholic, one Jewish and one Homoeopathic; and other charitable institutions are numerous, as Children’s Home, Christian Association’s Home of the Friendless, Orphan Asylums, the Widows’ and Old Men’s Home on Walnut Hills, the Relief Union, Board of Associations, and the Bethel on the River, where destitute and homeless people are temporarily fed and sheltered.  With it is a church and Sunday-school for the children of the poor, which for many years has had an attendance of 3,000 and attracts many visitors.

 

Banks.— Cincinnati National Bank, Joseph F. LARKIN, president, Edgar STARK, cashier; Citizen’s National Bank, B. S. CUNNINGHAM, president, George W. FORBES, cashier; Commercial Bank, Charles B. FOOTE, president, W. H. CAMPBELL, cashier; Fidelity Safe Deposit and Trust Company, Briggs SWIFT, president, J. G. BROTHERTON, superintendent; First National Bank, M. M. WHITE, President H. P. COOKE, cashier: Franklin Bank, John KILGOUR, president, H. B. OLMSTEAD, cashier; German National Bank, John HAUCK, president, Geo. H. BOHRER, cashier; Merchants’ National Bank, D. J. FALLIS, president, W.W. BROWN, cashier; National Lafayette Bank, W. A. GOODMAN, president, president, J.V. GUTHRIE; cashier; Ohio Valley National Bank, James ESPY, president, Theo BAUR, cashier; Queen City National Bank, John COCHNOWER, president, Samuel W. RAMP; cashier; Second National Band, Charles DAVIS, president, Wm. S. ROWE, cashier; Third National Bank, J. D. HEARN, president, Wm. A. LEMMON, cashier; Union National Bank, Edward WEIL, president, L. KLEYBOTE, cashier: S. KUHN & Sons; SEASONGOOD, Sons & Court-House; A. SEINECKE, JR.; SIMON & HUSEMAN; A.C. CONKLIN & Co., Geo. EUSTIS & Co., brokers; H. B. MOREHEAD & Co.; brokers, Albert NETTER, broker; Cincinnati Clearing House Association, James ESPY, president, W.D. DUBLE, manager.

 

Industries.—For the year 1887, the report of Colonel Sidney D. MAXWELL, superintendent of The Chamber of Commerce, give the number of industrial establishments in Cincinnati as amounting to 6,774, employing 103,325 hands, and producing in value $203,459,396, viz.: Iron, $26,966,999, hands, 14,741; other Metals, $7,674,160, hands, 5,056; Wood, $20,440,182, hands 12,589; Leather, $10,484,425, hands, 6,404; Food, $23,526,858, hands, 5,821; Soap, Candles, and Oils, $11,165,200, hands 1,845; Clothing, 23,202,769, hands, 21,951; Liquors, $29,012,711, hands 2,242; Cotton, Wool, Hemp, etc. $2,258,983, hands 1,968; Drugs, Chemicals, etc., $4,913,150, hands, 874; Stone and Earth, $4,972,730, hands 3,384; Carriages, Cars, etc, $1,109,950, hands 6,601; Paper, $6,670986, hands 2,976; Book Binding and Blank Books, $598,724, hands, 860, Printing and Publishing, $4,456,876, hands, 4,138; Tobacco, $3,784,868, hands 3,305; Fine Arts, $1,046,250, hands, 456; Miscellaneous, $11,174,375, hands, 7,814.

 

In 1860, the annual value of $46,995,062 in 1880, $163,351,497; since which last date as above shown there has been an increase of about one-quarter in larger revenue than any other in the Union, amounting to over $12,000,000, having been mainly from distilled liquors, tobacco and beer.

Page 791

 

Literary Symposium on Cincinnati

 

In the New England Magazine for September, 1888, under the head of “Illustrated Literary Symposium of Cincinnati,” was a series of ten articles by nine authors of the city. They were “Prehistoric Cincinnati,” by M. F. FORCE;” “Cincinnati Historical and Descriptive,: by W.H. VENABLE; “Education,” by the same; “Newspapers and Literature,” by George Mortimer ROE; and “the Art Museum and the Art Academy,” by A. T. GOSHORN; “Decorative Art,” by Benn PITMAN; “History Of Cincinnati Expositions,” by W. H. CHAMBERLAIN; “Clubs and Club Life,” by Chas. Theodore GREVE, and “Political Reminiscences of Cincinnati,” by Job. E. STEVENSON. The object of these articles was to present to the public in the centennial year of Ohio’s settlement a picture of the progress of the great city from its beginning, with a view of its present characteristics. Nothing can be so well adapted for our purpose to accomplish the same end as their review, with extracts, abridgments, itemized facts. We begin with

 

Prehistoric Cincinnati.

 

Before the advent of the white man the “Mound Builders” had possession here. When the whites first came the plateau extending from near the present line of Third street to the hills was literally covered with low lines of embankments, and an almost endless variety and numbers of figures. Among them were several mounds, one large mound on the bluff at the intersection of Third and Main streets; the great mound at the intersection of Fifth and Mound streets, which, if mounds were really used for watch-towers and beacons, communicated by means of a system of such, not only with the little valley of Duck creek lying behind the Walnut Hills, but also with the valleys of both the Miami rivers.

 

Among the various articles found in these works were some very interesting, especially that from the great mound at the intersection of Fifth and Mound streets. That was in incised stone known to all archaeologists as “the Cincinnati tablet.”

 

There were, in the year 1794, stumps of oak trees at the corner of Third and Main streets, showing the mound was over 400 years old. The cite of Cincinnati was temporarily occupied by bands of the Miami Confederacy.

 

Cincinnati, Historical and Descriptive.

 

Dr. Daniel DRAKE, in his “Picture of Cincinnati,” published in 1815, called it the “metropolis of the Miami country.” In 1824 its importance as a trade-centre became such that merchants distinguished it as the “Tyre of the West.” The unclassic name of “Porkopolis” clung to the place for many years until Chicago surpassed it in the pork industry. The poetical appellation, “Queen City,” was proudly worn by this Ohio valley metropolis, and recognized gracefully in Longfellow’s praiseful song—

 

“To the Queen of the West

In her garlands dressed,

On the banks of the beautiful river.”

 

The latest designation, for “Paris of America,” the city earned from its reputation as a pleasure resort and a seat of the polite arts.

 

 

Page 792

 

met together on the shores of the Ohio, and Cincinnati became a cauldron of boiling opinions, a crucible of ignited ideas. There was a time when Southern alkali seemed to prevail over the Northern oxide, and the aristocratic young city was dominated by cavalier sentiment; but, the irrepressible Yankee was ever present with his propensity to speak out in town-meeting. One of the significant factors of culture was the class that organized “New England Society,” to which belonged Bellamy STORR, Lyman BEECHER, Calvin STOWE, Salmon P. CHASE and others.

 

All sorts of questions theological, political, social came up for radical discussion in early Cincinnati. The foundations were taken up and examined. Every sentiment an every ism had its chance to be heard. Several new sects were differentiated. Scepticism, by the powerful voice of Robert OWEN, challenger faith as held by Alexander CAMPBELL; Protestantism encountered Romanism in hot debate. Religious controversies became involved with political (for if we dig deep we shall find roots of all thought entangled together), and theoretical differences became practical issues at the polls.

 

When the tide of emigration was swollen with foreign blood then arose the “Know Nothing” movement, directed by powerful newspapers in Cincinnati and Louisville. The discussion of the status of foreigners was radical, and dealt with the primary rights of man, and with the most essential functions of government, education, and society.  The relations of Church and State were considered.

 

The German population form a most important element, enough to make a large city—more than a hundred thousand. It is liberty-living, and distinguished thrift and intelligence. The Germans are devoted patrons of education and the arts, and especially music. German is taught in the public schools. The Irish element is also large and powerful.

 

Cincinnati, by the accident of her geographical position, became the focus of Abolitionism, and also of the opposite sentiment. In this city BIRNEY was mobbed; PHILLIPS was egged, colored men persecuted. In this city “Uncle Tom’s Cabin was planned, and here the Republican party was born. When the war came on Cincinnati did not waver. All sects and all parties foreign, and native, followed the Union flag. As soon as the war was over the citizens resumed their discussions. The Queen City is the arena of wrestling thoughts. Therefore it has become a city of practical toleration. Extreme radicalism lives side by side with extreme conservatism. Jew and Gentile are at peace. Orthodoxy fights heterodoxy, but each concedes to the others right to exist. The people like to read INGERSOLL and GLADSTONE. The Prohibitionists have a strong party here, and the drinkers of beer have a hundred gardens on the hills. In politics, Republicans and Democrats are pretty equally divided and there is a lively class of “scratchers” in each party. All things considered there seems to be good ground for the opinion often expressed by enthusiastic Cincinnatians that their city is the freest city on the globe. This is a bold claim, but it would be difficult to name a city in which the rights of the private individual are less interfered with than they are in the Queen City. This status of its people is the best for an ultimate true result. It is only by agitation and experience that the race anywhere can advance; and nothing is a final settlement until it is settled right.

 

Page 793

Top Picture

THE TYLER DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN.

 

Bottom Picture

MUSIC HALL AND EXPOSITION BUILDING.

Page 794

 

were in everybody’s thoughts and talks. “How’s the river to-day? Good stage of water, eh?”

 

In the period of its early life it was largely visited by foreign travelers, for it was regarded as the brightest, most interesting place in the West—as Volney, Ashe, Basil Hall, the Duke of Saxe- Weimar, Capt. Marryat, Harriet Martineau, Chas. Dickens and Mrs. TROLLOPE. The latter, with her four children, resided here two years, from 1828 to 1830, and lost thousands in what she named ‘‘The Bazaar,” which came to be known as ‘‘Trollope’s Folly” it stood on Third street, just east of Broadway. Among its attractions was a splendid ball-room, long the pride of the city.

 

The civil war wrought miracles in the development of Cincinnati. Its manufacturing enterprises have developed prodigiously, property values multiplied and large individual fortunes accumulated. A population of fully half million dwell within a radius of ten miles, and the city proper has a third of a million. A wide and rich field of traffic and investments has of late years opened in the South by means of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, and also by that through the Virginias by the Chesapeake and Ohio.

 

The Cincinnati Southern Railway was built at a total cost of $20,000,000, and runs to Chattanooga, a distance of 336 miles, into the heart of the South. It was leased in 1880 until the close of the century to the Erlanger Syndicate. It was built by the city by an issue of its bonds nearly to the entire amount, which being regarded as an abuse of its corporate rights, the construction being even outside of the State, met with strong opposition in the courts. The act was sustained, its prospective immense importance to the well-being of the city overcoming all adverse arguments of illegality.

 

Freight by it consists largely of live-stock, coal, iron, stone, lumber, bark, flour, whisky, turpentine, grain, cotton, hemp, fruit, tobacco, salt provisions and beer. In 1883 it carried six hundred thousand passengers and earned nearly two and a half millions in freight.

 

The river trade is still very great, especially in coal; its weekly consumption in the city is about a million of bushels. Freight is largely conveyed up and down the river by powerful steamboats with fleets of barges. About one-quarter of the imports and exports of Cincinnati are moved by water.

 

Cincinnati is a composite city, an aggregation of towns once separate, which, however, retain their old names, as Walnut Hills, Columbia, Pendleton, etc., and just outside lie some charming villages which practically enjoy the benefits of the city, yet control their own local affairs by a mayor and aldermen, as Clifton and Avondale. Then, on the Kentucky side of the Ohio, are Covington and Newport, with the Licking dividing them, and Bellevue, Dayton and Ludlow. Several bridges connect Cincinnati with the Ohio, among them the beautiful suspension bridge to Covington, completed in 1866 by the engineer, ROEBLING, at a cost of $1,800,000. It is 103 feet above low water, and is the largest single span of its class in the world. The towers over which the gigantic cables pass are 1,057 feet apart, are 230 feet in height, and thus are higher, and each contain more stone, than the Bunker Hill Monument. The others are pier bridges, and built to accommodate railroads, viz.: the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, the Louisville Short Line Railroad, and the Chesapeake and Ohio. This last cost nearly $5,000,000, and was opened January 1, 1889.

 

 

Page 795

 

was supplied with gondolas. The great Music Hall, Arbeiter Hall and Turner Hall are in that quarter.

 

Access to the hill-tops is by steeply graded roads, cable-car and horse-car roads, and by four inclined planes up which cars are drawn by powerful engines. The principal lines converge at Fountain Square.

 

The pavements are excellent, consisting of granite, asphalt and Ohio river boulders. The sewerage and underdrainage is perfect, and few cities are so healthy. Within the city limits is EDEN PARK, which is on the hills above the city plain, a pleasure-ground of 240 acres, on which is the reservoir which sup-plies the city with water. BURNET WOODS, a tract of beautiful forest of 170 acres, is also on the hills not far from the ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, which last front on the Carthage pike. They are the largest and finest in America, and the buildings are as costly and substantial as those of the Zoological Gardens in Europe. The grounds sixty acres in extent are beautifully improved. There are about 1,000 specimens of animals and birds from all parts of the world. Frequently there are balls, picnics and special attractions, and on Thursday evening there is a fete. The gardens were opened in 1875, and since then over 300,000 has been expended.

 

Each of the four inclined planes leads to a famous resort. On the east is the Highland House, on the north Lookout and Bellevue, and on the west Price Hill. Thousands flock to these, especially summer evenings and on Sundays.

 

SPRING GROVE CEMETERY is six miles from the river, in the valley of Mill Creek, on Spring Grove avenue. It comprises 600 acres, and has had therein about 35,000 interments. Its numerous springs and groves suggested the name. It is probably the most picturesque, as it the largest cemetery the world. It is on the plan of a park, to relieve the ground of the heavy, incumbered air of a churchyard, and to present the appearance of a natural park. It is exquisitely laid out, with far-stretching lawns, miniature lakes and shrubbery, and ornamented with stately monuments, chapels, vaults and statues. There are about 7,000 lot-holders. The more prominent objects are the Mortuary Chapel, the Dexter Mausoleum and the Soldiers’ Monument. Many eminent historical characters are interred here. The spot is so enchanting that it seems as an earthly Paradise rather than a home of the dead.

 

The great beauty of the cemetery is largely due to the late Prof. Adolph STRAUCH, landscape gardener and arborculturist, who died in 1882, and who was for many years its superintendent. “To him belongs the credit of giving to Cincinnati her renown for beautiful suburbs, with landscapes lovely as a dream.” He estimated, exclusive of funerals, that in a single year (1880) it had a quarter of a million of visitors.

 

The TYLER DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN is the grandest on the continent. It stands on the Esplanade in the centre of Fountain square, which is a raised stone structure twenty-eight inches in height. This square is near the centre of the city and from which distances are calculated and the car lines mostly start. The fountain is a work in bronze consisting of fifteen large figures, of which the most prominent represents a woman from whose outstretched prone hands water is falling in fine spray. She is the Spirit of Rain. The head of this figure rises forty-five feet above the street level. The fountain was designed and cast in Munich, at a cost of $200,000. The work was presented to Cincinnati in 1871 by one of her public spirited citizens, Henry PROBASCO, a patron of arts and literature, whose magnificent residence is one of the palaces of the suburbs.

 

Page 796

Top Picture

Left: The Art Academy. Right: The Art Museum.

ART BUILDINGS, EDEN PARK.

 

Bottom Picture

 

Page 797

 

in character. A few squares from the fountain, near the Lincoln Club House, is the colossal statue of Garfield, by NIEDHAUS, a Cincinnati artist.

 

The Broadway of the city is Fourth street, the aristocratic East end—where faces the once famous Longworth mansion and garden—to the railroad environed West end. Several blocks on Fourth street are solid, lofty structures. Among these is PIKE’S OPERA HOUSE and the new CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, dedicated January 30, 1889, ex-Gov. Edward F. NOYES being the orator of the occasion. It is a most striking work of art in Roman Provençal style, one of the best designs of the celebrated Richardson—its cost was over $700,000. Two other remarkably fine structures, both designed by Hannaford, are now in the course of construction—the New City Hall and a City Armory.

 

Two admirable buildings of stone stand high upon a hill in Eden Park. They are the ART MUSEUM and the ART ACADEMY, designed by McLaughlin. The first of these cost nearly $400,000, and the other is correspondingly costly. These buildings were bestowed upon the city by the munificence of several liberal individuals. Charles W. WEST gave $150,000. David SINTON $75,000, Joseph LONGWORTH $37,100. Reuben SPRINGER and Julius DEXTER then subscribed largely. Over a million of dollars have been given to the museum since 1880, and the art school is the best endowed in the United States.

 

The Art Academy building, completed in October, 1887, was entirely the gift of David SINTON. The Art Academy is an outgrowth of the old “School of Design,” branch of the McMicken University. In 1887 it had 400 students and twelve instructors, teaching and lecturing. Excepting an initiation fee of $10, the institution is free.

 

The greatest pride of the city and its greatest ornament is the MUSIC HALL and the EXPOSITION BUILDING. It occupies most of a block and faces Washington Park. Its architect was McLaughlin. The building is brick and in the modernized Gothic style. The whole front on Elm street is 402 feet; 95 feet being given to each of the exposition buildings, and 178⅓ feet to the music ball. The widest part of the building is 316 feet. The buildings are so arranged that they can be used separately or together, and the upper stories so they can be connected by bridges. In these buildings is the grand music hall. It will hold 8,728 persons—seat 4,228, give standing room for 3,000, while the stage will accommodate 1,500. The GREAT ORGAN is on of the largest in the world. It was built in Boston, but the artistic screen of wild cherry was designed and carved by residents of Cincinnati. It has 96 registers, 6,237 pipes, 32 bells, 42 pedal movements, and 4 keyboards of 61 notes each. Its cash cost was $32,000.

 

The College buildings, adjoining the magnificent Music Hall, contain forty class and study rooms, libraries, waiting-rooms, offices and a large and beautiful concert hall, “THE ODEON,” seating 1,200 persons, with a stage thoroughly equipped for operatic and dramatic performances. The Cincinnati College of Music is open throughout the year, Peter Rudolph NEFF, president; Professor SCHRADIECK, musical director.

 

The amount of taxable property in Cincinnati is over one hundred and seventy-two millions. Next to Chicago this is the chief pork-packing place in the world. The brewing of lager beer is an industry that ranks next to the pork business. Over twenty million gallons of beer are produced annually in its breweries; distil-ling; heavy capital is engaged in the manufacture of iron, stone and wood; other important lines of manufacture are clothing, and in food products it is the largest mart in the world. For over half a century Cincinnati has held a leading rank as a printing, publishing and lithographing centre. It has the largest school-book house in the world—that of Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., publishers of the eclectic series of text-books.

 

Education in Cincinnati.

 

The public-school system embraces schools of every grade, from kindergarten to university; the number of pupils enrolled in 1887 was 53,402. The schools are celebrated for their general excellence and for several special features of reform. They made a famous exhibit in the Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia. They set the example now so widely followed of celebrating Arbor Day and Author Day.

 

The Public Library is under the management of the Board of Education, and free to the people. It is in a spacious and elegant building, has 164,000 volumes and an annual circulation of about 400,000 volumes; it is under the charge of A. W. WHEPLEY. Beside this is the Mercantile and other public libraries, and some fine private libraries. The most noteworthy of the latter is that of A. T. GOSHORN, in consequence of its peculiarly honorable history. He had been director-general of the National Exposition of 1876 at Philadelphia, and refusing pecuniary compensation for his services, the citizens presented him with $10,000 in value in books of his choice, and sent on a committee to fit up a room in his residence for their reception; this was done in exquisite taste. The library of Enoch I. CARSON, burned some years some, was extraordinary as the most complete Masonic collection in the world, beside a fine Shakespearian collection.

 

The University of Cincinnati is a municipal institution, forming part of the system of public instruction. It was founded on a bequest of Charles MC MICKEN its endowment is over $750,000; its faculty numbers fifteen professors, Hon. J. D. COX, ex-governor of Ohio, being president. Both sexes are admitted and college degrees conferred. The Cincinnati Observatory, on Mount Lookout, four miles in a direct line from the city, founded by Gen. O. M. MITCHELL, belongs to the university; there is also an organic connection between the university and the medical colleges—the Miami and the Ohio—and also with the College of Dental Surgery and that of Pharmacy.

 

The Medical College of Ohio was established in 1819, and has ten professors; the Miami Medical College has twelve professors. The homoeopathists have an excellent institution, the Pulte College; and there is an Eclectic College, a Physico-Medical Institute and other schools. The city hospitals are large and admirably conducted; the Cincinnati Law School, founded in 1833, J. D. COX, dean, is a flourishing institution, with many pupils; the Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, the Cincinnati Technical School, the Society of Natural history with its museums and lectures, three system of kindergartens and the kitchen garden are all of a high order of efficiency.

 

As a centre of musical education the Queen City claims to be without a rival on the continent. The College of Music, with splendid quarters in Music Hall and the Odeon, draws students in all departments of the art, from all parts of the United States. The famous opera festivals and May musical festivals of the city are visited annually by thousands and thousands of people. Miss Clara BAUER’S conservatory is also widely known; there are other musical schools, especially piano schools. Beside the Art Academy, the arts of drawing and design are well taught in the public schools, in the Technical School and in many private schools, and by special teachers of art in their studios.

 

Lane Theological Seminary, on Walnut Hills, went into operation in 1832, under the Presidency of Lyman BEECHER, D. D., and has since graduated about 700 students. It is well endowed, and has a fine library. St. Xavier College, on Sycamore street, is the great Roman Catholic institution of the Ohio valley. The Catholics possess a powerful system of public schools in connection with their many churches, and have a monastery near the city for the training of priests.

 

Page 799

 

Hebrew Union College, a flourishing institution for the education of rabbis. The Wesleyan Female College was founded in 1812, and is controlled by the Methodist Episcopal Church. Many Cincinnati ladies, prominent in charitable and educational works, are alumni of this college, among them the wife of President HAYES.

 

Business education is a prominent feature, commercial colleges are numerous, and there are schools of type-writing, telegraphy, and all the graphic arts; among them the Cincinnati School of Phonography, which enjoys the hearty recommendation of Mr. Benn PITMAN, so favorable known for his discriminating lectures on Art in the Academy Cincinnati has been a centre for short-hand since 1849. Benn PITMAN, came from England to America in 1853, and settled here to advance his brother’s system of short-hand invented in 1837.

 

Fry’s Carving School is one of the unique institutions of the city. It is conducted by Henry L. and Wm. H. FRY, father and son, and granddaughter Laura H. FRY. Some of the most exquisite wood carving ever executed in the country is by them. The FRYS did a large part of the elaborate carving in Henry PROBASCO’S residence, in Clifton, and of the casement of the great organ in Music Hall. Art furniture of all kinds is made to order, and many specimens of their handiwork are to be found in various parts of the Union.

 

Clays for the manufacture of tiles and the finer grades of pottery are plentiful and in the vicinity of Cincinnati. The artistic ceramic wares made here have a high reputation. The Rookwood Pottery, founded by Mrs. Maria LONGWORTH STORER, daughter of Joseph LONGWORTH, was designed to advance artistic culture in the line of ceramics. The establishment is an admirable one, managed wholly by ladies, and its products are chiefly sold at the East and in Europe. Its decorators were mostly educated at the Cincinnati Art Academy. The wares are unique, resembling Limoges. They display unusual richness and harmony of coloring. In style of decoration they are peculiarly American, the native plants, flowers and other objects having been much used in the designs. Carving in clay is a feature in the ornamentation. A specialty of this establishment is that the color of the body is utilized as a part of the decoration.

 

EXPOSITIONS.

 

The Industrial Expositions of the city had their origin in the annual fairs of the Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, the first of which was held in Trollope’s Bazaar building, in 1838. Those fairs ceased owing to the civil war. In 1869 the Wool Growers’ Association of the Northwest gave a Textile Fabric Association which lasted four days, and was such a great success as to lead, through the exertions of Mr. A. T. GOSHORN and his associates, to uniting the three great organizations—the Board of Trade, the Chamber of Commerce and the Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, in a plan to give, the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition of Manufactures, Products and Arts in the year 1870.”

 

Each of these bodies was represented by a committee of five members chosen for their zeal and peculiar capacity. They received no salary although their services involved much labor and time. To be an exposition commissioner was thought to be a distinguished honor. An exposition organized in this way could only be a public trust. There were to be no profits, no dividends to anybody. As a financial basis a guarantee fund was subscribed of $24,000. The form of subscription was a note by the guarantor for the amount of his individual guaranty, payable to the Exposition Commissioners only in case the receipts of the Exposition failed to pay expenses, and then only in proportion to the amount of deficit. The city banks advanced money on these notes.

 

 

Page 800

 

closed it was found that over 300,000 visitors had passed through its gates; that the receipts had been about $54,000, leaving a small surplus over all expenses.

 

Not only was the city delighted with the great success but a wide interest was aroused throughout the country, whence visitors were drawn by the thousands to the great exposition. For the four following years expositions were held, and so far successful that no assessments were made on the guarantors.

 

“No exposition was held in the year 1876, on account of the great Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia; but it was a high compliment to the Cincinnati plan and management that, as early as the year 1872, the Philadelphia Commissioners visited the great Cincinnati Exposition of that year studied its details carefully, and afterwards chose for the important office of director-general of their exhibition A. T. GOSHORN, then the President of the Cincinnati Board of Exposition Commissioners.”

 

Meantime Music Hall had been built as one of the outgrowths caused by the exposition, all the people uniting to this end, even the school children giving concerts with their massive child choruses in aid of the enterprise.

 

In 1888 was inaugurated “The Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States,” for the support of which a guarantee fund of $1,050,000 was subscribed by the people of Cincinnati. Honorary Commissioners were appointed from thirteen States including their respective governors, thus giving national significance to the event, which also was intended also to celebrate the settlement of the Northwest Territory. Buildings occupying a large part of Washington Park and spanning the canal were erected, which in connection with the permanent Exposition Building furnished a floor area of about thirty-two acres.

 

In this was gathered a magnificent collection of manufactured articles, products of the soil and works of art illustrating the mighty progress of a century. Congress appropriated $250,000 towards a national exhibit of some of their rarest and most valuable archives, which were placed in charge of government officials.

 

The Exposition was opened July 4, 1888, by a great daylight procession, much of it illustrative of the early history of the country and its wonderful progress. The streets were thronged with hundreds of thousands of people. All bearing testimony to the manner in which the popular heart was responding to the demands of the celebration.

 

The Exposition continued over 100 days and the entire enterprise was a grand industrial and artistic success, reflecting great credit and honor upon the citizens of Cincinnati, Exposition Commissioners and exhibitors.

 

CLUBS AND CLUB LIFE.