Historical
Collections of Ohio
By Henry Howe
Vol. 1
©1888
PIONEER
ENGINEERS OF OHIO.
BY
COL. CHARLES WHITTLESEY.
[Of the many who
contributed a paper to
the first edition of this work, Col. Whittlesey was the only one living
to
contribute to the second edition and this is the paper.
He has not, we profoundly regret to have to
say, lived to see it in print. For
a
notice of its very eminent author the reader is referred to Cuyahoga
county.]
WHEN Governor Ethan Allen BROWN became
an ardent advocate
for navigable canals in Ohio, he did not meet with the opposition which
DeWitt
CLINTON encountered in New York. The leading men of this
State, whether
from Episcopal Virginia, Scotch-Irish New Jersey, Quaker Pennsylvania
or
Puritan New England, were endowed with broad views of public
policy. Many
had seen military service from the old French war, through that of the
Revolution,
the Indian wars and that of 1812.
They foresaw the destiny of Ohio in case her affairs were administered
judiciously.
Men who were not appalled by the scalping knife, or its directing Great
Britain
were equal to an encounter with the wilderness after peace was secured.
The hope and courage of our citizens, with a rich soil and a genial
climate,
constituted the resources of the State.
In response to Gov. Brown’s earnest recommendation, the
legislature a committee
to consider a plan for internal navigation in January, 1819.
Early in
1820 a call was made for information from all sources on that
subject. On
the 21st of January, 1822, a joint resolution, appointing a canal
Board, which
consisted of Alfred KELLEY, Benjamin TAPPAN, Thomas WORTHINGTON, Isaac
MENOR,
Jeremiah MORROW and Ethan Allen BROWN, with power to cause surveys to
be made
for the improvement of the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville; and to
examine four
routes for a canal or canals from Lake Erie to the Ohio. Six
thousand
dollars was appropriated for that purpose.
Prior to 1778, Capt. Thomas HUTCHINS, of the Provincial army and the
inventor
of the American System of Land Survey, had made a
survey of the Falls,
which re-
Page 120
sulted in a map and report of a plan to facilitate the progress of
fiat-boats
and their freight.
Neither instruments nor engineers could be procured by the
commissioners to
survey the rapids of the Ohio, and nothing was done by them in that
direction. James GEDDES, one of the engineers of the Erie
canal in New
York, was employed as chief engineer in Ohio, and Isaac JEROME was
appointed
assistant. Only one leveling instrument could be
obtained. One or
more of the commissioners were generally in the field with the
engineers.
Several matters appear in the first report in the winter of
1822—23 well worthy
of the attention of the present generation. They were not
promised and
did not receive pay for their services. Their personal
expenses for 1822
amounted to one hundred and seventy-six dollars and forty-
nine cents.
During the season over 800 miles of canal routes had been surveyed with
one
instrument at a cost, including services, of two thousand
four hundred and
twenty-six dollars and ten cents.
Such were the characters to whom were committed this great project to
build up
a growing State. They had been directed to survey routes from
Sandusky to
the Ohio river; from the Maumee river to the Ohio river; from Lake Erie
to the
Ohio river by the Black and Muskingum rivers; also by the sources of
the Cuyahoga,
and from Lake Erie by the sources of the Grand and Mahoning rivers.
In December, 1822, a full and able report was made by Chief Engineer
GEDDES and
by the commissioners, including estimates on all the routes.
What is
especially remarkable, the final construction came within the estimates.
To comprehend the task imposed upon the engineers and commissioners,
the
wilderness condition of the State in 1822 must be realized.
All the
routes were along the valleys of streams, with only here and there a
log-cabin,
whose inmates were shivering with malarial fever. These
valleys were the
most densely wooded parts, obstructed by swamps, bayous and flooded
lands,
which would now be regarded as impassable.
Between 1822 and 1829, Isaac JEROME, Seymour KIFF, John JONES, John
BROWN,
Peter LUTZ, Robert ANDERSON, Dyer MINOR and William LATIMER, of the
engineers,
died from their exposures and the diseases of the country.
Chain-men,
axe-men and rod-men suffered in fully as great proportion.
Among the engineers who survived was David S. BATES (chief-engineer
after Judge
GEDDES, Alexander BOURNE, John BATES, William R. HOPKINS, Joseph
RIDGEWAY, JR.,
Thomas I. MATTHERS, Samuel FORRER, Francis S. CLEVELAND, James M.
BUCKLANG,
Isaac N. HURD, Charles E. LYNCH, Philip N. WHITE, James H. MITCHELL and
John S.
BEARDSLEY, assistants.
During the construction of the canal, from 1825—35, many
other engineers of
reputation became resident engineers, among whom were Sebried DODGE,
John V.
ERWIN, who still survives, James H. McBRIDE, Leonder RANSOM, Richard
HOWE and
Sylvester MEDBURY.
In the published histories of Onondaga
county, New York, Judge GEDDES occupies
a conspicuous place.
He was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1763, of poor
Scottish
parents. After working on the farm and teaching school until
he was of
age, he made a journey to Kentucky, intending to settle there, but was
too much
disgusted with slavery to become a resident.
In 1793 he prepared to manufacture salt at Onondaga lake,
at a place
since known as GEDDES, there being then no Syracuse. After
much
deliberation, the Indians refused his presents and he departed, leaving
the
goods in their hands. They solved the difficulty by adopting
him as a white
brother, and the salt business went on. He was a self-made
surveyor and
civil engineer, and engaged upon the survey and construction of the
Erie
canal. After his service in Ohio and the completion of the
Erie canal, he
was employed by the United States on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal
until 1828.
In that year he was requested to survey a canal route from the
Tennessee to the
Altamaha, but declined in order to engage upon the Pennsylvania
canals.
In
Page 121
person he was rather short and robust, but very active and capable of
great
endurance. His disposition was genial, his manner cordial,
inclined to be
communicative.
Mr. George B. MERWIN, of Rockport, Cuyahoga county, remembers Judge
GEDDES
principally as a lover of buttermilk. Mr. MERWIN, when a boy,
was
furnished with a pony and jug to scour the country up the valley to
supply the
surveying party with this drink, which does not intoxicate.
No engineer in Ohio spent as many years in the service of the State as
did Mr.
FORRER. He came from Pennsylvania in 1818 and in 1819 was
deputy surveyor
of Hamilton county, 0. In 1820, Mr. William Steele, a very
enterprising
citizen of Cincinnati, 0., employed Mr. FORRER at his own expense to
ascertain
the elevation of the Sandusky and Scioto summit, above Lake
Erie. His
report was sent to the Legislature by Gov. Brown. This was
the favorite
route, the shortest, lowest summit and passed through a very rich
country.
The great question was a supply of water. It would have been
located and,
in fact, was in part, when in the fall and summer of 1823 it was found
by Judge
D. S. Bates to be wholly inadequate.
Of twenty-three engineers and assistants, eight died of local diseases
within
six years.
Mr. FORRER was the only one able to keep the field permanently, and use
the
instruments in 1823. When Judge Bates needed their only
level, Mr. FORRER
invented and constructed one that would now be a curiosity among
engineers. He named it the
“Pioneer.” It was in form of a round bar
of wrought iron, with a cross like a capital T. The top of
the letter was
a fiat bar welded at right angles, to which a telescope was made fast
by
solder, on which was a spirit level. There was a projection
drawn out
from the cross-bar at right angles to it, which rested upon a circular
plate of
the tripod. By means of thumb-screws and reversals, the round
bar acting
as a pendulum, a rude horizontal plane was obtained, which was of value
at
short range.
Mr. FORRER was not quite medium height but well formed and very
active.
He was a cheerful and pleasant companion. Judge Bates and the
canal
commissioners relied upon his skill under their instructions to test
the water
question in 1823. He ran a line for a feeder from the
Sandusky summit
westerly and north of the watershed, taking up the waters of the
Auglaize and
heads of the Miami. Even with the addition the supply was
inadequate. Until his death in 1873, Mr. FORRER was nearly
all the time
in the employ of the State as engineer, canal commissioner or member of
the
Board of Public Works.
He was not only popular but scrupulously honest and
industrious. His life-long
friends regarded his death as a personal loss, greater than that of a
faithful
public officer. He was too unobtrusive to make personal
enemies, not
neglecting his duties, as a citizen zealous but just.
He died at Dayton, Ohio, at 10 A. M., March 25, 1874, from the
exhaustion of
his physical powers, without pain.
Like
his life he passed away in peace at the age of eighty, his
mind clear and
conscious of the approaching end.