Self Seekers Newsletter, v. 11, no. 1

SELF SEEKERS:

THE SELF FAMILY ASSOCIATION QUARTERLY ONLINE NEWSLETTER SUPPLEMENT

Co-Hosts
Tim W. Seawolf Self
Barbara Ann Peck
[email protected]
Volume 11, no. 1 January, 2008
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WELCOME

Welcome to volume 11, no. 1 of the quarterly online newsletter supplement to "Self Portraits: The Self Family NetLetter," the Website dedicated to Self family research at http://www.selfroots.com

You are receiving this newsletter because you were kind enough to join "Self Seekers: The Self Family Association." We appreciate all of your contributions, large and small, and we hope you will continue to support our page, our surname list, and this newsletter.

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WHAT WILL THE NEW YEAR BRING?

I was just thinking--it's actually been a long time since the decade/century/millennium began, complete with the Y2K bug circling our electronics. Well, we survived to 2008. And it looks as if time will go on as always. Some of our cousins will pass away this year. Some new ones will be born, and couples will unite in marriage to make sure that happens. Let's hope that these personal/family milestones aren't overshadowed by the deaths of loved ones in the War--and let's hope that the looming shadow of financial troubles will shrink for our country. Our Self forefathers fought hard for our freedom and our right to prosper--and for the resources that enable us to find and honor them. Whatever the new year brings, most of all, we hope it brings peace and happiness to all of you. Thank you for joining us in our search!

A Good Idea: Please join us at our VIRTUAL REUNION

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Please send us your 2008 contributions if you haven't already done so...
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THE UNITED STATES CENSUS
by Barbara Peck
edited by Tim Seawolf-Self

We've always been fascinated by the Census. We wrote about the ill-fated Census of 1890 in an earlier issue. Then we decided to study this topic further and get a general understanding of the basic data collection principles involved. We'd like to share our findings with you as well as some lingering questions and a few good Websites that elaborate on each Census in great detail.

There are many Censuses taken every year somewhere in the world. Most countries perform a 5-10 year enumeration of their respective populations. Sometimes states, cities, regions, and territories do the same. Our concentration is on the Census most familiar to us, the decennial Census of the United States of America.

BEFORE 1790

Counting citizens is an ancient practice that dates back at least 6,000 years. The earliest known Census was taken in Babylonia in 3800 B.C. As civilizations progressed throughout the world, other cultures also saw the need for enumeration. Persia, Rome, China, and Peru--among other countries--compiled a Census from time to time. It's thought that the original reason was for taxation purposes. Most of us are familiar with the English Census of 1086, published as the Domesday Book. William the Conqueror wanted to know his landholders and peasants and what kind of revenue he could expect to gain from them.

Considering the universality of these periodic headcounts, it's surprising that there was no Census taken before 1790. Yes, the fledgling colonies were still under English rule from the days of the early settlements, so there was no United States to consider for much of that time. However, we've never seen mention of an English Census of American colonists either. That's one of the mysteries that wasn't solved by all of our surfing. Maybe someone reading this can tell us if the Crown kept a tally of their subjects in the New World--we certainly know that it levied taxes against them which played a large part in the instigation of the American Revolution.

THE FIRST UNITED STATES CENSUS

The first United States Census was conducted in 1790. It was intended as a simple enumeration of the population which was about 3.9 million persons at that time. About the only uniformity was the fact that the main unit was the household. We're very fortunate that these households were at least distinguished from one another by the name of their respective "heads." It's been a great challenge to genealogists to interpret the meaning of "males under..." and "females over..." and somehow attach names to these shadow figures using other sources. Even so, the best most of us can do is to say, "This must be son, John" and "This is probably Mary."

Slaves were not considered to be "whole persons," but rather fractions thereof. At least they were called slaves, so we know their status of "employment." But sometimes an individual listed in a household can really be confusing. For instance, anyone not directly related--such as a white servant--or people living there temporarily--such as boarders--were included in the catch-all category "all other persons." And while males were divided into those over 16 years of age and those under sixteen, "free white females" could be any age at all, having just one column allowed them. Finally, there was a "Notes" column for listing unusual things or items of interest.

In summary, the primary reason for census-taking was to count the country's population for taxation and political reasons. The people themSelfs lived in their own daily existence and didn't appear to give much thought to the genealogical research that their descendants would be doing some 200 years in the future.

THE CENSUS BETWEEN 1790 AND 1850

The look of the Census didn't change too much in the next fifty years. The Census Takers still limited themSelfs to counting households. The exception was that from 1810 on, more and more statistics were gleaned from the questions asked of the residents. The government was finally realizing that a national Census could serve many needs.

In 1800, the males and females were divided equally by ages. The milestones were 10 years old, 16, 26, and 45. The "other" category now read "All other free persons except Indians not taxed." Since the final column was for slaves--and the notes had been eliminated--we're not sure just where Indians fit in. Most likely, they weren't counted as "people" at all.

With the Census of 1810, there was no mention of slaves (though we find them counted with the families and labeled as "black") or Indians, but there was a column for "Foreigners not Naturalized." In addition, occupations were determined. Each household was required to report how many members were involved in Agriculture, Commerce, or Manufacture.

1820 brought more upgrades to the Census form. What had been the entire questionnaire in 1810 now comprised only half of the sheet. Added were columns for male and female slaves with milestone ages of 14, 26, and 45 and free male and female colored persons with the same age divisions. Indians were again mentioned in the final column where "all other persons except Indians not taxed" were counted. Apparently the extra statistics were still mainly used for purposes of taxation.

The 1830 Census took a few more steps forward but also a few steps back. For both free white persons and slaves, the milestone ages were expanded and changed. For whites, children of both sexes under 10 years of age were counted. The next step was age 15. Following that was age 20. After that, the ages went up in increments of 10 years until the column "100 and up." For slaves and free blacks, the age milestones for both sexes were now 10, 24, 35, 55, and 100. Aliens (or "Foreigners Not Naturalized") still had one column. There was now a section for whites--and a separate one for blacks, whether free or slave--who were handicapped. There were three divisions for "Deaf and dumb" (under 14, 14-25, and 25+) and one column for the blind. Missing from the 1830 abstract are those occupational divisions included in 1810 and 1820. The abstract itSelf took up two pages instead of just one.

The 1840 Census was also two pages in length. The first page looked just like that of the previous Census. But on the second page, while the disability columns still existed for blacks, it had been eliminated for whites. Instead, there was a column for "Occupations of employed family members"and one for "Name and age of Revolutionary War pensioners." This appears to be a compromise between the Censuses of 1820 and 1830.

THE 1850 CENSUS

The revision of the Census abstract in 1850 was the beginning of the government goldmine for genealogists. The survey form itSelf was shortened back to one page. The officials responsible must have done a lot of work to cull what was--to them--the most important elements for statistical and taxation purposes. But even though I've scoured the Web and print sources, I can't find the answer to one of the most intriguing questions about this Census--WHY it began to include "the name of every person whose usual place of abode...was in this family." We can only be thankful that this decision was made. In part, its inclusion is why we know a lot more about mid- to late-19th century individuals than we knew prior to this milestone. For Selfs in particular, the eighteenth century has yielded many cold trails that lead to guesswork and "best evidence" instead of concrete proof.

This Census gives quite a bit of information in a very simplified, easy-to-understand format. It asks name, age, sex, and color in the "Description" section. The "profession, occupation, or trade of each male person over 15 years of age" is solicited next. Remember that children often left school at or before age 15 in order to work on the family farm or in the family business. A person's real worth was measured by the number of offspring he had to help make a successful living for the entire household. Next came his worth in real estate, possibly valued at tax assessment time. Then came the individual's birthplace--a meaningful statistic since the country was growing quickly and becoming home to more and more people from foreign lands. The next columns deal with person information of curious interest which--for genealogists--make the individual "come alive." Was he or she married within the year? Did they attend school within that same year? Whereas knowing how to read and/or write were unusual and distinct accomplishments in the past, by 1850 they were so common that the next column was reserve for people who did NOT possess those skills. Special segments of society were singled out in the last column, using some words that are considered "insulting" today. In 1850, political correctness was not a big issue, and these designations--deaf and dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, and convict--were intended to mark their owners as "inferior" to what was considered normal and average in that day without mincing words.

THE 1860 CENSUS

The government officials must have been very pleased with the 1850 Census--and they must have gotten a lot of good feedback--because they barely altered their form in 1860. The only real difference was that under "Value of Estate," an individual's "personal estate" (presumably cash, stocks, bank accounts, etc.) was included in addition to the value of real property.

THE 1870 CENSUS

Now that the government had a clear and workable abstract, they expanded the Census form to two pages again, including more detailed information that they considered important. On the first page, next to the place of birth, was a section called "Parentage." Here were indicated parents of each individual who may have been born in another country. On the second page, those who were born within the year were included along with those married during that period; and this time, the exact month of birth or marriage was elicited. The inability to read and/or write was divided into "cannot read" and "cannot write" since it was very possible that a person could be able to do one without knowing how to do the other. Paupers and convicts were deleted from the list of "inferior" citizens. Finally, there was a section called "Constitutional Relations." The first colum was devoted to "male citizens of U.S. of 21 years of age and upwards," presumably to determine the number of eligible voters in the country. The second column counted "male citizens of U.S. of 21 years of age and upwards, where right to vote is denied or abridged on other grounds than rebellion or other crime." This is a fairly ambiguous concept, but it was obviously intended as a number to subtract from the first column in order to get a more accurate picture of how many votes were out there and what percentage of the total was necessary to place a candidate in the running for public office.

THE 1880 CENSUS

In 1880, more detailed statistics were added to the Census abstract. To the "Personal Descriptions" section was added a column for "age at last birthday." This appears to be a simplified version of birth year or month/year, stating plainly just how old the individual was on June 1, 1880. The "relationship of each person to the head of this family" was now sought. This column has been a big help to genealogists whereas it was more difficult before to distinguish a son from, say, an aging father or an uncle. "Married during Census year" has been expanded to include not only that column but also "single," "married," and "widowed/divorced." The statement of occupation now includes both sexes as well as the number of months employed during the year. The Health section pinpoints the condition of the individual queried on the day of the "numerator's visit." And only physical ailments are listed, excluding financial and criminal considerations. In addition to "Blind, Deaf and Dumb, Idiotic, and Insane" we find a column for "Maimed, crippled, bedridden or otherwise disabled." Though reading in a slightly different manner, the other columns resemble those of the previous Census year.

THE 1890 CENSUS

We've already covered the tragic story of the 1890 Census in an earlier "Self Seekers" article. The abstract itSelf didn't change from that of 1880. The historic significance of this Census was supposed to be the use of computerized tabulation that would allow a much earlier release of statistics for government use. Unfortunately, though that goal was met, it was topped by its historically significant destruction from water damage during a fire. This incident has been a great loss for all genealogists. While the government was able to obtain the desired statistics for 1890, we have no record of the individuals and households, and thus have a gap of twenty years--a whole generation--between reports.

THE 1900 CENSUS

The most outstanding feature of the 1900 Census was its rearrangement of existing columns. A few new ones were added: Number of years married; Mother of how many children; Number of children living; Can speak English; a separate block on the first page for "Ownership of Home"; and a "Citizenship" section on the second page which asked for year of immigration, number of years in the United States, and Naturalization status.

THE 1910 CENSUS

In 1910, the Census abstract blossomed into a 3-page form. Much of the first and second pages were similar to the 1900 questionnaire, but rearranged into yet another presentation that seemed more logical and easier to follow. Page 3, however, was largely devoted to occupational statistics. In the large "Occupation" section, respondents were asked to list their trade or profession, the general nature of their work, employer/employee status (or Self-employed), whether out of work on April 10, 1910, and number of weeks out of work in 1909. This section was followed by three columns for Civil War service, total blindness, and deaf/dumb condition. Though the first decade of the new century was far better off economically than those to follow up to about 1950, the government appeared to be very interested in its employment resources and its unemployment claims and possible welfare support.

THE 1920 CENSUS

In 1920, more attention was paid to the actual domicile on the first page--the name of the street on which it was located, the house or farm number, and the orders of both house and family in the order visited by the Census Taker. The "Tenure" section was set apart for ownership/rental of home and existence of a mortgage. The second page was entirely given up to birthplace of individual, father, and mother as well as the native language spoken by each. Again, this was in keeping with the enormous number of immigrants to the United States at that time. The third page asked if the individual could now speak English; and the remainder dealt once again with questions of occupation.

THE 1930 CENSUS

The first Census placed in the public domain in the 21st century, the 1930 Census, was mostly a repeat of that issued in 1920, with a bit of rearranging. A new, very small section was reserved for "codes (for office use only." Another code column preceded the new "class of worker" column on page 3. Military service now pertained to more than just one major war, and the respondent was asked to name the conflict he participated in, if any.

THE 1940 CENSUS

The 1940 Census abstract was similar to that of 1920 and 1930. Foreign-born non-naturalized persons were asked their citizenship. The location of the dwelling was, as usual, listed at the beginning of the form. But near the end, questions were asked that compared the current residence to that of April 1, 1935, midway between Census years. The respondent whose address had changed was asked the size of their city, its parent county, its state, and whether or not they lived on a farm. The employment of persons age 14 years and above was much more detailed than in previous years asking if the individual was at work at a regular job, at work in a public emergency capacity, seeking work, employed, otherwise engaged (housework, school, disabled), work hours/duration, occupation, industry, class, and number of weeks worked in the previous year (1939). The form also asked amount of income attributed to (a) wages/salary and (b) other sources. At the very end of the abstract were a series of supplementary questions including parents' place of birth, native language, veteran/military information, Social Security information, occupational information, and data on marriage and children.

THE CENSUS 1950-2000

Well, that'll teach me, won't it? When I began this article, there was a wonderful page available from the U.S. Government with actual pictures of forms up to 2000. Today, this page is either deleted or moved, and I can't find abstracts after 1920!! I'm not sure what the big secret may be. But in summary, the Census since 1940 has grown more complex. It has been divided into long and short forms, an idea started in 1940 with the "supplementary questions" at the end. All individuals are counted--as much as possible, anyway--and random households are selected for more detailed information to be used as working statistics for the various government departments. Census takers no longer go door-to-door to collect data except when there has been no reply to the written form. Even so, keeping up with delinquents and those who are no longer at their former mailing addresses has kept the Census takers busy.

One criticism of the latest (2000) Census is that all individuals are NOT counted. Whether on paper or in person, Census personnel still depend on the household model to gather information. This means that homeless people and drifters may "slip through the cracks." Also, there are undocumented aliens who flit in and out of the country. And there are those who are just plain artful at avoiding the Census takers. The latter is an old problem, though. You may be dismayed to find that your ancestors are not on a particular Census. You know they existed, and you may even have pictures and documents to prove it. But each Census year had its missing people--they were moving, they were immigrants, they were just born, they were visiting relatives and each household thought that the other had enumerated them--this is and was a more prevalent situation than you might suppose. It has been estimated that 10% of all CITIZENS remain uncounted in the 2000 Census.

THE CENSUS AFTER 2000

While we all anxiously await the release of the 1940 Census, the Census Bureau in Washington is preparing for the count that will take place in 2010. Where it took almost a decade to tabulate results before the computer breakthrough in 1890, it now takes about that long to plan ahead for the next Census year. There is the actual designing process followed by the testing process and finally a review of the results returned by the samples. With two more years to go, the design of the upcoming Census isn't available now--but we can make intelligent guesses about what we'll find on it.

(1) Easier forms: Beginning in 2010, the Long Form will disappear. The questions will be simple and straightforward. Approximately once in every five years from now on, the American Community Survey will send a longer survey to sample the socioeconomic information that used to be collected once every decade. For future genealogists, this means that names, dates, and relationships will stand out with increased clarity; however, they will no longer be able to see at a glance (if at all) whether Great Uncle John was disabled or how many bathrooms he had in his home.

(2) More persistence: Enumerating the homeless has become one of the most important goals of the Census Bureau. The homeless population, especially, has been growing during the first decade of the 21st century, and it's no longer acceptable to ignore it. It will take a great deal of "personpower" to make this happen, and still, the count will not be 100% accurate. But if you fail to return your form, or if you never receive one in the mail, you can be sure that the Census taker will do all in his or her power to track you down at home or in the streets.

(3) Electronic assistance: The Census workers will be able to use handheld computers in cases where they need to update addresses and pay personal visits to non-respondents. Hopefully, this technology will eliminate duplication and afford more accuracy to the project.

SUMMARY

The United States Census has been an institution since 1790. What started out as a simple "head count" of people in a fledgling country has grown to be a mammoth endeavor for a world superpower. The abstract/questionnaire evolved and increased in complexity over the decades, an attempt to gain as much information about individual citizens as possible. Fortunately, the government has now opted for a simpler approach, getting back to basics, so that more people will fill out and return their survey forms. The temporary personnel once hired to help tabulate and correlate all this information can now be utilized in getting the most accurate count of the population while another group will be responsible for sampling the socioeconomic status of randomly selected families. The trade-off for less complexity is, of course, less detailed data. It seems like a good idea, though--I sure wish I was going to be around in 2080 to see what happens!

(NEXT: "Here's Looking For You")
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PLEASE CONTRIBUTE BIOGRAPHIES AND PHOTOS
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MINOR SELF LINES
part 17
by Barbara Peck and Tim Seawolf-Self

In 2003, we presented an article on the major unconnected Self lines. Now we'd like to concentrate on the minor lines that are still not connected to Olde Robert Selfe, even by "best evidence." In this installment, we've included Self branches from South Carolina. We hope to feature more small family lines in the following newsletters.

TEXAS, part II
Counties: Hardin - Llano

TEXAS (II)

ADDIE SELF: She was born in 1888 and died July 20, 1982 in Hardin County, TX. She's buried in Sabine Parish, LA which may be a clue to her identity. She married Henry Howard Kirkland. We have no further information on any descendants of this couple.

WILLIAM SELF: He lived in Harris County, TX. We don't know the name of his wife, but he had at least one child, Martha, who m. about 1860, John Lewis. That would make this William Self born sometime between 1800-1820, most likely.

EDWIN SELF: Born 1878 in Sabine Parish, LA, he lived in Henderson County, TX. His wife, Bertie Broughton (1882-1971) was also a Louisiana native. We have no children for this family.

UNKNOWN SELF: Who was this person who m. Malinda (maiden name unknown) who was b. 1816 in TN? We know of two children: Tabitha (b. 1839 in IL) and George (b. 1841 in AR).

DAVID F. SELF: David Self was in Hood County, TX before 1886. His wife, Lou, was born in TX in 1865, and his son, Henry, was born there in 1886. David, however, was a native of Missouri, born in 1855. What Missouri family does he come from?

HENRY T. SELF: Another mystery is Henry T. Self whose wife, Amanda, d. in 1886. His children John and Michael (1882-1886) were born in Hopkins County.

THOMAS SELF: Houston County was home to Thomas Self (b. 1871 in AR) and wife Beulah (b. 1874 in TX) after about 1900. To which Arkansas branch does he belong?

JAMES MARION SELF: We'd like to know more about James Marion Self of Jack County, TX. We have no dates for him. His wife was named Telitha Burrus or Bushager. His children were John Marion (1867-1948) and Florella Blain (Self) Hale (1869-1958).

R. F. SELF: His name might also be F. R. Self. Living in Johnson County, TX., he was a native of AL., born 1837 of AL parents. His wife, R. A., was born 1842 in MO. The couple had five children: James B., Sarah A., Mary J., George F., and Dovie E. We know that Dovie died at age 5, but we have no more information on the other four children.

SMITHEY SELF: An odd name for a female. Supposedly her real name was Lucetta. She was married to Eli Ariola and lived in Johnson County. Who were her parents? And did this couple have children?

STEVEN SELF: Steven Self was born in 1875. His wife, A. Mary Self, was born in 1874. Children Benjamin E. and Ruth E. were born in Johnson County in 1897 and 1899, respectively. Who was Steven? And what happened to his children?

JOHN M. SELF: This John Self was born in Alabama, probably sometime in the 1840s. He m. Martha J. Reisinger, b. 1851 in LA.
He went to Karnes County, TX before 1872 when his daughter, Mary Lee, was born.

ALFRED L. SELF: Alabama was also the birthplace (in 1851) of Alfred Self. A second source has his name as ALBERT. His wife, Hilda, was born 1859 in MO. His daughter, born 1875 in Kaufman County, TX., was named Florence. He had two more daughters in the next decade, Lucille and Alice.

JOHN P. SELF: A cousin says that John P. Self came from Holland. We're pretty sure that Holland must have been a town or city, not the actual Netherlands. He lived in Georgia, and then in Walden County, AR. His sons were: Lonnie (1884-1977) and Henry (d. 1977)

WALTER McDONALD SELF: Yet another Alabama son, Walter Self went to Coryell County, TX in 1897. Before that, he was in Kaufman County where he married Mary Elizabeth Ballard. One child, b. 1900, died young. Ella (b. 1897) was the surviving daughter.

UNKNOWN SELF: This individual was born in KY in Indiana by 1859 and in Kaufman County by 1863. His wife, Hannah A., was from Kentucky. There may be a relationship to the Shands family here. Children were: James P., Allie, Hattie, and Martha.

JAMES SELF: Alabama was a favorite birthplace for permanent Self families and also for those passing through on their way to somewhere else. This person wasn't so lucky. He was reported as still living in Kaufman County in the 1900 Census as a mental patient in a local asylum.

WILLIAM E. SELF: Born (1874) and raised in Lamar County, William Self's mother's maiden name was Keys. We know this because he lived with his grandfather, Alford Keys, in the 1880 Census. He had a brother named John F. Self, b. 1868, and his grandmother was Pollie A. Keys. His parents were born in Alabama (father) and Kentucky (mother). His wife was named B. Alice. Finally, his children were Lelia (1896) and Rubie (1898).

TIMOTHY SELF: He may be related to William E. Self, above. He also lived in Lamar county, and his wife, Lucinda, was also named Keys. But he was probably a generation older, possibly an uncle.

SAMUEL F. SELF: He lived in Lamar County, TX., but his background was in Missouri. His final years were spent in Arkansas. He was born in 1836 and died in 1922. He married Isabella Hicks, also of Missouri and had the following children: William E., R. D., Bonepart Fizer, and Jesse Fountain. He probably belongs to the Job and Mary Self line of KY/MO.

FRANKLIN SELF: In LaVaca County by 1874, Franklin--born 1855--was from the Florida Self/Selph line that began with Ezekiel Selph of Georgia. He m. Susan, one year his junior and had children Mary, John, and William.

JOHN SELPH: Born 1874 in LaVaca County, he m. Nora, b. 1877. His children were Albin, Bertha, Pearly, and Viola. Probably part of the Florida Selph family.

UNKNOWN SELF: We don't even have a name for this person. He m. I. A. (or A. J.) in LaVaca County. She was born May 1836 in Florida. Two children are known from this couple: M. Z. and an unknown female who m. ??? Brooks and had daughter, Mazora.

MARSHALL LEE SELF: Who was Marshall Self, born about 1860 and found with his wife, Lisa King, in Llano County? Their children were Myrtle, Emmitt, and Floyd.

(NEXT: Minor Self Lines, part 18)

Maybe your ancestors used to tell stories about life in the "old days," stories you remember hearing as a child. Please tell us about them. We will even supply editing and formatting; but we'd all love to know about daily life in the Self families of old--and you may be able to help. Please contact us. And please state that your story is specifically for the newsletter.

LOOSE ENDS

Please go to our "Loose Ends" subsection at our SelfSite at RootsWeb.

DEAD ENDS

Please go to our "Dead Ends" subsection at our SelfSite at RootsWeb.

SELFS IN SPACE

What would you like to see here? This space is reserved for any topic of interest to Self cousins. Express YourSelf!!

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