Assumption Parish Louisiana 1860 slaveholders and 1870 African Americans

ASSUMPTION PARISH, LOUISIANA

LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES

and

SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS

Transcribed by Tom Blake, September 2001

PURPOSE. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Assumption Parish, Louisiana, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. It is possible to locate a free person on the Assumption Parish, Louisiana census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census.

Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Assumption Parish, Louisiana census can check this list to learn if their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the Parish. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at all. Whether or not the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral Parish, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. An ancestor not shown to hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be checked also. In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free census.

African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Assumption Parish, Louisiana in 1860, if they have an idea of the surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. If the surname is found, they can then view the microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. To check a master surname list for other States and Counties, return to Home and Links Page.

The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. Particularly in the case of these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder. However, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see the extent of the matching.

The last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate slaveholder in each County. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a slaveholder. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the U.S. The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work.

SOURCES. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Assumption Parish, Louisiana (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 427) reportedly includes a total of 8,096 slaves. Unfortunately, many of the pages were out of sequence when filmed and the Ward Numbers at the top of the pages don't always seem to be consistent, so viewers of the film need to be especially watchful for those problems. This transcription includes the 56 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Assumption Parish, accounting for 5,085 slaves, or 62 % of the Parish total. The rest of the slaves in the Parish were held by a total of 422 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own purposes. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber was not aware of any relevant changes to Parish boundaries.

FORMAT. This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the Parish, the number of slaves they held in the Ward where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page on which they were listed. Following the holder list is a separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same surname. The term "Parish" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the census was enumerated.

TERMINOLOGY. Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. Racially related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise.

PLANTATION NAMES. Plantation names were not shown on the census. Using plantation names to locate ancestors can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. In Louisiana in 1860 there were 371 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,161 farms of 500-999 acres. Linking names of plantations in this Parish with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription.

FORMER SLAVES. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Slaves were enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of such age enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber did not find any such information on the enumeration of the transcribed slaveholders. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including surname. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or Parish. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. Estimates of the number of former slaves who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. If an African American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder.

MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Assumption Parish population included 7,189 whites, 94 "free colored" and 8,096 slaves. By the 1870 census, the white population had declined 13% to 6,247, and the "colored" population had dropped almost 15% to 6,984. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the Parish was listed as having 10,573 whites, about a 47% increase, but the 1960 total of 7,417 "Negroes"was actually almost 10% less than what the colored population had been 100 years before.) Where did all these freed slaves go? Orleans Parish saw an increase in colored population of almost double between 1860 and 1870, growing to over 50,000, so likely that is where many went. No other Louisiana Parish showed such a significant increase. Between 1860 and 1870, the Louisiana colored population only increased by 4%, about 13,000. States that saw more significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation for colored persons from Assumption Parish, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%).

SLAVEHOLDER LIST:

BEASLEY, J. W., 71 slaves, Attakassas Canal, page 49

BLANCHARD, Mrs.? Esther, 52 slaves, Ward 4, 8 & 9, page 86B and 64

BOATNER H. J. & Co., 90 slaves, Ward 4 & 9, page 83B (ends on 70)

BURNLEY, Harden, 41 slaves, Ward 4, page 63B

COMEAUX, Eugene, 43 slaves, Ward 6 & 9, page 81B (ends on 84)

COX, T. L., 129 slaves, Ward 4, page 74, 74B and 77B

DAVENPORT & FORD, 159 slaves, Ward 10, page 74B (and pages 86 and 86B)

DUGAS & ROBICHAUX,, 45 slaves, Ward 9, page 87B

FERNANDEZ, Est. of Ml.?, 134 slaves, Ward 2 & 10, page 91B and 53 and 53B

FOLEY & WILLSON, 88 slaves, Ward 2, page 51

FOLEY, Est. A. M., 125 slaves, Ward 4, page 70

FOLEY, H. B., 78 slaves, Ward 5&7, page 75B (ends on 73)

GAUTHREAUX, Richard, 64 slaves, Ward 7?, page 65B

GIVOIR?, Appolinaire, 62 slaves, Ward 14, page 97B

GRISMORE, Willson, 48 slaves, Ward 4, page 59B

GROSSE & PAYAN, 58 slaves, Ward 13, page 95B

HEBERT & AVET, 44 slaves, Ward 6, page 69

HEYMEL, D., 58 slaves, Ward 4, page 61B

HYMEL & PUGH, 57 slaves, Ward 6, page 67B

IVY, Wm. N., 46 slaves, Ward 13, page 95

JONES, George W., 110 slaves, Ward 8, page 81

KETHRIDGE & KETHRIDGE, 42 slaves, Ward 8, page 79B

KITHRIDGE, E. E., 177 slaves, Ward 8, page 76B and 76 and 77

KOCK, Chs., 176 slaves, Ward 2, page 52 (ends on page55)

LANDREAUX, T., Jas S. Willson in trust for, 123 slaves, Ward 6, page 65

LANDRY, Jon. Bte. Sr., 57 slaves, Ward 4, page 92B

LANDRY, Severin, 53 slaves, Ward 3, page 56B

LAUVE & LAUVE, 51 slaves, Ward 11, page 93B

LAUVE, C., Gustave Lauve in trust for, 45 slaves, Ward 11, page 93B

LEFTWITCH, Wm. Joel, 75 slaves, Ward 4, page 60

LITTLEJOHN, Wm., 126 slaves, Ward 6, page 67B

MAILHOT, E. E., 62 slaves, Ward 7, page 77B

MARTIN, Dr. Joseph, on Valinee? Plantation, 85 slaves, Ward 4, page 60B

MARTIN, Dr. Joseph, 111 slaves, Ward 10, page 89

MARTIN, Robt. C., 91 slaves, Ward 4, page 64

MEARS, A. H., 92 slaves, Ward 2, page 53B

MORISON, Daniel, 130 slaves, Ward 14, page 96

PHILLIPS, Mrs. Sarrah, 56 slaves, Ward 7, page 66B

PIKE & SUTHON, 48 slaves, Ward 5?, page 62

PUGH & FOWLER, 60 slaves, Ward 4 & 6, page 94

PUGH, Catussa? T., 75 slaves, Ward 9, page 87

PUGH, Edward, 90 slaves, Ward 4, page 61

PUGH, W. H. & Co., Whitmore Plantation, 82 slaves, Ward 9, page 83

PUGH, W. H. & Co., Augustin Plantation, 247 slaves, Ward 9, page 64B

PUGH, Walter J., 62 slaves, Attakassas Canal, page 62B (ends on page 49)

PUGH, Wm. W., 161 slaves, Ward 4, page 63B (this is end page)

PUGH, Wm. Thomas, 312 slaves, Ward 4, page 71 (ends on page 75)

RATLIFF, Wm. B., 105 slaves, Ward 3, 6 and 14, page 99 and 65

ROBERTS, Dr. A. H. G., Wm. Morison in trust for, 97 slaves, Ward 14, page 98B

TETE, F. A.?, 42 slaves, Ward 5, page 73

TOURNILLON, Julius, 138 slaves, Ward 10, pages 54 and 76B

VELA, Est. of Ant., 99 slaves, Ward 3, page 55B

VINSON, James B., 42 slaves, Ward 2, page 55

VIVES, Numa, 66 slave, Ward 1, page 50

WILLIAMSON, F. A.?, 83 slaves, Ward 7, page 75

WYNN, Wm. L., 95 slaves, Ward 6, page 68B

SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS:

(exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex)

(SURNAME, # in US, in State, in Parish, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in Parish)

AVET, 3, 3, 0, 1, 1, 0

BEASLEY, 394, 5, 0, 3, 1, 0

BLANCHARD, 199, 54, 8, 51, 49, 8

BOATNER, 32, 16, 2, 12, 11, 2

BURNLEY, 32, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0

COMEAUX, 9, 9, 0, 9, 9, 0

COX, 2288, 74, 1, 41, 31, 0

DAVENPORT, 510, 50, 1, 27, 22, 0

DUGAS 57, 56, 11, 53, 53, 11

FERNANDEZ, 32, 1, 0, 10, 10, 2

FOLEY, 74, 7, 0, 8, 4, 0

FORD, 2562, 170, 4, 104, 85, 1

FOWLER, 630, 24, 0, 17, 13, 0

GAUTHREAUX, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

GIVOIR?, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

GRISMORE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

GROSSE, 7, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0

HEBERT, 79, 77, 9, 72, 72, 8

HEYMEL, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0

HYMEL, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2

IVY, 224, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0

JONES, 27193, 2228, 61, 1298, 1105, 34

KETHRIDGE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

KITHRIDGE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

KOCK, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0

LANDREAUX, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 2

LANDRY, 136, 134, 14, 126, 125, 12

LAUVE, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 2

LEFTWITCH, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

LITTLEJOHN, 175, 4, 0, 1, 1, 0

MAILHOT, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

MARTIN, 5318, 492, 11, 346, 305, 9

MEARS, 85, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0

MORISON, 67, 7, 0, 6, 5, 0

PAYAN, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

PHILLIPS, 1974, 128, 0, 88, 73, 0

PIKE, 65, 6, 2, 3, 3, 2

PUGH, 343, 28, 7, 15, 13, 5

RATLIFF, 134, 8, 3, 5, 5, 1

ROBERTS, 3309, 184, 4, 116, 91, 0

ROBICHAUX, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

SUTHON, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

TETE, 10, 6, 4, 4, 4, 3

TOURNILLON, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

VELA, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

VINSON, 172, 14, 0, 7, 5, 0

VIVES, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3

WILLIAMSON, 1289, 42, 4, 18, 16, 2

WILLSON, 542, 30, 0, 13, 7, 0

WYNN , 300, 3, 0, 2, 2, 0

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