Y CHROMOSOME HAPLOGROUP DEFINITIONS:
HAPLOGROUP DEFINITIONS:
Family Tree DNA
provided the following thumbnail summaries of the different haplogroups :
- Haplogroup B is one of the oldest Y-chromosome lineages in
humans. Haplogroup B is found exclusively in Africa. This lineage was the first
to disperse around Africa. There is current archaeological evidence supporting
a major population expansion in Africa approximately 90-130 thousand years ago.
It has been proposed that this event may have spread Haplogroup B throughout
Africa. Haplogroup B appears at low frequency all around Africa, but is at its
highest frequency in Pygmy populations.
- Haplogroup C is found throughout mainland Asia, the south
Pacific, and at low frequency in Native American populations. Haplogroup C
originated in southern Asia and spread in all directions. This lineage
colonized New Guinea, Australia, and north Asia, and currently is found with
its highest diversity in populations of India.
- Haplogroup C3 is believed to have originated in southeast or
central Asia. This lineage then spread into northern Asia, and then into the
Americas.
- Haplogroup D2 most likely derived from the D lineage in Japan.
It is completely restricted to Japan, and is a very diverse lineage within the
aboriginal Japanese and in the Japanese population around Okinawa.
- Haplogroup E3a is an Africa lineage. It is currently
hypothesized that this haplogroup dispersed south from northern Africa within
the last 3,000 years, by the Bantu agricultural expansion. E3a is also the most
common lineage among African Americans.
- Haplogroup E3b is believed to have evolved in the Middle East.
It expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic expansion.
It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean, southern Europe, and in
north and east Africa.
- Haplogroup G may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has
dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this
lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the
Middle East.
- Haplogroup H is nearly completely restricted to India, Sri
Lanka, and Pakistan.
- Haplogroups I, I1, and I1a are nearly completely restricted to
northwestern Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking
populations. One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe.
- Haplogroup I1b was derived within Viking/Scandinavian
populations in northwest Europe and has since spread down into southern Europe
where it is present at low frequencies.
- Haplogroup J is found at highest frequencies in Middle Eastern
and north African populations where it most likely evolved. This marker has
been carried by Middle Eastern traders into Europe, central Asia, India, and
Pakistan.
- Haplogroup J2 originated in the northern portion of the
Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the
Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with
Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations. The
Cohen modal lineage is found in Haplogroup J2.
- Haplogroup Q is the lineage that links Asia and the Americas.
This lineage is found in North and Central Asian populations as well as native
Americans. This lineage is believed to have originated in Central Asia and
migrated through the Altai/Baikal region of northern Eurasia into the
Americas.
- Haplogroup Q3 is the only lineage strictly associated with
native American populations. This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the
M3 mutation (also known as SY103). This mutation occurred on the Q lineage 8-12
thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is
some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred,
but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the Native American
peoples.
- Haplogroup R1a is believed to have originated in the Eurasian
Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. This lineage is believed to have
originated in a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication
of the horse (approximately 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be
the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is
currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations
of Eastern Europe.
- Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European
populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans
re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This
lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype
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