PART TWO
FROM
JAMESTOWN TO THE 20TH CENTURY:
A CHRONICLE OF ONE MELUNGEON FAMILY
The saga of the Gowen or Goin family, the largest branch in the
Melungeon
family tree, begins with a lovers' triangle in early colonial
Virginia.
African-American John Gowen was the servant of an
Englishman named William
Evans in Elizabeth City, Virginia. John Gowen
had first arrived in Virginia
prior to 1630. John, probably born
in Angola about 1615, was possibly one
of a number of prisoners taken
from a captured Portuguese slave ship off the
coast of Angola in 1628, by
the English pirate Arthur Guy. That year Captain
Guy traded his stolen
Angolan slaves in Jamestown, Virginia for tobacco. The
plantation
owner William Evans, as was the custom, offered a bid for Gowen in
Jamestown
and John was indentured for about the usual term of 7-10 years.
FIRST
GENERATION circa 1615: JOHN GOWEN (or GEAWEEN)
Evans' neighbor was the
planter Robert Sheppard. Lt. Sheppard was one of the
ranking leaders
of the Virginia colony, serving in the Virginia House of
Burgess; North
America's oldest continually existing legislature. Sheppard
had a
Negro servant girl named Margaret Cornish. John Gowen married Margaret
and they had a son in 1635 whom they named Michael Gowen. Margaret
remained
bound to the household of Lt. Sheppard with her son Michael, while
John Gowen
worked for Evans and eventually earned release from his indenture
and became
North America's first recorded free black man.
Next to
the plantations of Evans and Sheppard lived another white planter
named
Robert Sweat (sometimes spelled "Sweet"). Margaret fell in love with
Sweat and she became pregnant with his child in late 1640. The affair
was
exposed and she and the white man Sweat, were brought before the court.
The
two were judged guilty of the charges and Virginia court records
contain the
sentence handed down on October 17, 1640.
"Whereas
Robert Sweat hath begotten with child a negro woman servant
belonging unto
Lieutenant Sheppard, the court hath therefore ordered that the
said negro
woman shall be whipt at the whipping post and the said Sweat shall
tomorrow
in the forenoon do public penance for his offence at James City
church in
the time of divine service according to the laws of England in that
case
provided."
Within 5 months of the sentencing of his wife and Robert
Sweat, the
African-American John Gowen petitioned the court for the freedom
of the child
he and Margaret had produced five years earlier. The date
of his suit
coincides with the time Margaret would have been showing the
pregnancy of her
illegitimate child by Sweat.
March 31, 1641-Suit of
John Gowen:
"Whereas it appeareth to the court that John Gowen, being a
negro servant
unto William Evans, was permitted by his said master to keep
hogs and make
the best benefit thereof to himself provided that the said
Evans might have
half the increase which was accordingly rendered unto him
by the said negro
and the other half reserved for his own benefit: And
whereas the said negro
having a young child of a negro woman belonging to
Lt. Robert Sheppard which
he desired should be made a Christian and be
taught and exercised in the
church of England, by reason whereof he, the
said negro did for his said
child purchase its freedom of Lt. Sheppard with
the good liking and consent
of Tho: Gooman's overseer as by the deposition
of the said Sheppard and Evans
appeareth, the court hath therefore ordered
that the child shall be free from
the said Evans or his assigns and to be
and remain at the disposing and
education of the said Gowen and the child's
godfather who undertaketh to see
it brought up in the Christian religion as
aforesaid."
In time John Gowen remarried and had at least one other son
named Philip born
about 1650. Margaret bore Robert Sweat's child and
later bore another child
out of wedlock, surnamed Cornish. Later,
Margaret Cornish was freed, yet she
lived the rest of her days on a section
of Sheppard's estate called 'Hog
Island'. The names of Gowen, Sweat,
and Cornish are borne by Melungeon
descendants to this day.
SECOND
GENERATION: MICHAEL GOWEN, SON OF JOHN GOWEN
Michael, the five year old
child of John Gowen and Margaret Cornish, was
removed from his mother and
placed in the home of Captain Christopher
Stafford of Virginia in 1641.
The African-American youth remained a servant
of the Stafford family
until his 18th birthday. Christoper Stafford had died
in the meantime,
and his sister, Anne Stafford Barnhouse, legally held
Michael's indenture.
Anne Barnhouse also had an African-American servant
girl named
"Prossa". While a servant in the Stafford household, Michael
Gowen had
gotten a son by Prossa, and the child was named William Gowen.
In his
will, Captain Stafford desired Michael to be freed from servitude upon
his
death. His sister carried out his wishes on October 25th, 1657. In a
legal statement, Anne Barnhouse also freed Michael's young two-year old son
William, but she retained the child's mother Prossa, as her servant,
effectively breaking up the family.
"Bee itt known unto all
Christian people that whereas Mihill Gowen Negro of
late servant to my
Brother Xopher Stafford deced by his last will & Testament
bearing Date
the 18 of Jan 1654 had his freedom given unto him after the
expiration of 4
years service unto my uncle Robert Stafford Therefore know
all whom itt may
concern that I Anne Barnehouse for divers good couses mee
hereunto moving do
absolutely quitt & discharge the sd Mihill Gowen from any
service &
for ever sett him free from any claim of service either by mee or
any one my
behalf as any part or parcell of my Estate that may be claimed by
mee the
said Amy Barnhouse my heyres Exers Admrs or Assignes as witness my
hand this
25 Oct 1657 Amy (AB) Barnhouse
Bee itt knowne unto all Xcian people that
I Ame Barnehouse of Martins hundred
widdow for divers good causes &
consideracons mee hereunto moving hath given
unto Mihill Gowen Negro he
being att this time servant unto Robert Stafford a
Male child borne the 25
August 1655 of the body of my Negro Prosta being
baptised by Mr. Edward
Johnson 2 Sept 1655 & named William & I the said Amy
Barnhouse doth
bindmy selfe my heyres Exer Admr & Ass never to trouble or
molest the
said Mihill Gowin or his sone William or demand any service of the
said
Mihill or his said sone WilliamIn witnes whereof I have caused this to
be
made & done I hereunto sett my hand & Seale this present 16 Sept 1655
Amy
(AB) Barnhouse."
John Gowen and his immediate family knew how to
use the judicial system of
17th century colonial America. His son
Philip Gowen successfully sued for
his freedom on June 16th, 1675 from John
Lucas. Lucas was ordered to provide
the "Negro" Phillip with "three
Barrels of Corne att the Cropp" according to
the will of Amy Beazley,
Gowen's original mistress. Several African-American
Gowens left court
and land documents from 17th century Virginia.
After his release from
servitude to the Staffords, Michael quickly remarried
a free white woman in
York County and had four sons in addition to William by
Prossa. His
later sons, William, Daniel, Christopher and Thomas, born from
1655 to 1660,
were described as "mulatto" in surviving records. These latter
branches of Michael's family quickly became light-skinned in just a few
generations.
Michael Gowen moved to the adjoining Merchants Hundred
Parish in James City
County and received a land grant of 40 acres in 1668.
Michael died in 1708,
about 73 years of age.
THIRD GENERATION:
THOMAS GOWEN, SON OF MICHAEL , SON OF JOHN
Because of limited space I
here trace the line of Michael Gowen's youngest
son Thomas who is my
ancestor. Thomas, who raised and raced horses, was
involved in a
number of court cases in which he was either suing someone or
someone was
suing him. At the age of 37 in Westmoreland County he had
incurred
sizable debts from gambling losses. But in 1707 Thomas' misfortune
was
reversed when he was granted about 650 acres in Stafford County below the
falls of the Potomac River according to genealogist Paul Heinegg. The
land
abutted the property of a man named Robert Alexander.
"In a
1767 land dispute, a 70-year old deponent, Charles Griffith, related a
conversation which he had with Major Robert Alexander, 43 years previously
in
1724. Major Robert Alexander, who owned land adjoining the Gowens,
supposedly said of them:
"he had a great mind to turn the Molatto
rascals (who were then his tenants)
off his land."
Griffin further
stated that:
"he was at a Race in the same year where the Goings were
(who then had
running horses) and that the old people were talking about the
Goings taking
up Alexanders land and selling it to Thomas and Todd which
land the old
people then said was in Alexanders back line or at least the
greatest part of
it...and if it were not for the Alexanders land...the
Goings would not be so
lavish of their money of which they seemed to have
plenty at that time..."
FOURTH GENERATION: WILLIAM GOWEN, SON OF
THOMAS, SON OF MICHAEL, SON OF JOHN
Thomas Gowen had two sons; William
born in 1680 and James born in 1683.
William, the older son, moved to
Stafford County near the Occaquan River
where he was granted 124 acres in
1713. William married a white woman named
Katherine by whom he had
three sons and one daughter. William Gowen, the
grandson of the
African-American Michael Gowen, owned slaves who were willed
to two of his
children by his widow. William died in 1725.
FIFTH GENERATION:
JOHN GOWEN, SON OF WILLIAM, SON OF THOMAS, SON OF MICHAEL,
SON OF JOHN
The oldest son of William Gowen was John, born about 1702. He
married Mary
Keife, daughter of Cornelius Keife, another Melungeon-related
surname. They
lived in Fairfax County where they own land in Pope's
Head Run in 1744 and in
Occoquan Run in 1746, but moved to Lunenburg County
by 1748 when John
patented 400 acres on Reedy Branch. About 13 years
later they deeded land
from section to their two sons, William and John.
SIXTH GENERATION: WILLIAM GOWEN (Jr), SON OF JOHN, SON OF
WILLIAM, SON OF
THOMAS, SON OF MICHAEL, SON OF JOHN.
William Gowen
was born to John and Mary sometime between 1725-1731, in
Stafford County.
According to Gowen Research Foundation archives, William
took a wife
named Mary about 1752 and moved to Granville County, North
Carolina.
But a few months later he returned to Lunenburg County, Virginia
where
his parents lived. In 1761 he was living on the Lunenberg land deeded
him by his father. William Gowen was one of 12 jurors hearing the case
of
John Mullins versus Charles Yancey, defendant facing trespass, assault
and
battery charges in March 1761 in Lunenburg County. Mullins is a
common
Melungeon surname. By July 6, 1762, William Gowen had sold the
land in
Lunenburg County and moved to Orange County, North Carolina.
William was head of a Moore County family of 10 whites in the
1790 census
(which was actually taken a year or two earlier). He may
also have been the
head of another "William Gowen" Moore County household of
10 "other free" in
the same census. When there was a question of race,
as there was in
William's case, enumerators would often make up a duplicate
census for "free
colored persons" to avoid controversy. According to
GRF archives, the "two"
William Gowen families in Moore County were
mentioned in "Ancient Records of
Moore County, North Carolina". It is
interesting that though there were
questions about the ancestry of William
Gowen, he was elected justice of the
peace. William at this point is
only 4 generations descended from the
"Negro" Michael Gowen. Yet the
writer of the record wavers between calling
William white, Indian or
mulatto and expressed uncertainty:
"By strange coincidence there were
two Goings families in Moore County in
1790, one being white; the other
listed under the heading of "all other free
persons," that is free negro,
mulatto, or Indian. Both families were headed
by William Goings.
One William, of course the white one, was later made a
justice of the
peace for the county. Within the writer's recollection, some
of those
families held themselves above association with negroes, and their
white
neighbors accepted them as several notches above their black brethren.
An examination of the 1850 census will show the increase in this clan, all
of
whom are there listed as mu-latto. Briefly, the Goings were classed
exactly
as were the so-called "Lumbee" Indians of Robeson County. In
later years,
certain of these families intermarried with negroes, and their
descendants
now living in Moore County are as black as the pot.
Others, however, have
maintained the complexion and characteristics of
their more ancient
ancestors. The free family lived on or about Pocket
Creek, in Lee County
[organized from Moore County and Chatham County in
1907] or between there and
Lemon Springs. The writer's father once
pointed out to him their location
and casually remaked, 'they were not
negroes, but probably Indians'. What
became of the white family of
William Goings, the writer has been unable to
determine. A few years
ago, a writer in the "Saturday Evening Post" wrote a
story on the
'Melungeons' [maybe from the French 'melange,' a mixture] who
had a colony
on the Clinch River in North Central Tennessee, and among whose
members were
Goings. The description of these people would apply almost 100%
to
those of Robeson County. How did the Goings get 'way up there?"
An inventory of the estate of "William Goan" was itemized in Moore County
Will Book A, page 322 and 323 in the late 1780s. His probate papers,
if
found might reveal much about the family.
SEVENTH GENERATION:
JAMES GOWEN/GOIN/GOING/GOYNE, SON OF WILLIAM (JR), SON
OF JOHN, SON OF
WILLIAM, SON OF THOMAS, SON OF MICHAEL, SON OF JOHN.
William and Mary
Gowen had a number of sons including William Jr., John,
Henry, Levy, Amos
and Edward, some of whom were designated as "free colored"
in Moore County.
William and Mary also had a son named James Gowen, born May
30, 1755
in Lunenburg County. The surname appears under a variety of
spellings
including that on his Revolutionary War pension as "Goyne".
According
to Gowen Research Foundation Archives:
"Several members of the Gowen
family of the Northern Neck of Virginia
migrated southward in 1747 to
Lunenburg County also. The southern part of
Lunenburg County which lay
below the Meherrin River was organized in 1764 as
Mecklenburg County."
Their descendants "spelled the name in various ways.
Generally,
in Mississippi the surname became "Guynes". In Louisiana, "Goins"
predominated, while in Virginia and Kentucky, "Gowan" was generally
adopted."
By the time the Revolutionary War broke out, the Gowen family
of Virginia was
seven generations old. In 1775 James Gowen/Goyne was
wed to a woman named
"Mary". Their children were John Goyne, born July 5,
1776, Sarah Goyne, born
about 1789, James Goins born about 1793, and
Wiley Williamson Goynes, born
December 2, 1799. James was living in Camden
District, South Carolina at the
time and served as a Revolutionary
militiaman in a company led by Captain
John Smith in Colonel John Winn's
regiment. GRF archives state:
"In his Revolutionary War Pension
application, James Goyne stated that..."his
militia unit rendezvoused at
Winnsboro, near which place he resided. He
stated that he served under
Col John Winn. This proves that James lived in
Fairfield County, South
Carolina."
In June, 1776 James was drafted to go to Charleston in order
to intercept
"the British Fleet that was expected to land there, under Col
John Wynn in
Captain John Smith's Company of militia, Lt. William
Daughtery." After being
stationed in Charleston for a month the
company returned to Winnsborough and
dismissed about the last of July, 1776.
Twice more James re-enlisted in the
militia, once under the command of
General John Ashe from North Carolina, and
later in 1779 he "volunteered to
go to Georgia to fight the Indians and put
himself under Capt. John Nixon".
Marched to Falsom Fort on "Abuchy" (?)
River, James Goyne's company
overtook the retreating Indians and "a skirmish
ensued in which seventeen
Indians and two white men were killed and Major
Ross was killed in the part
of the re____(?) Later his company was placed
under the command of
General Benjamin Lincoln near Augusta, from whence they
marched to Ashley
River "at the big rice fields to met the British who were
encamped there."
Discharged again in June 1779, James Goyne returned to South Carolina
until
he volunteered to "go to the assistance of General Greene at the siege
of
Ninety-Six...We met together on the road about fourteen miles from
Winnsborough at the time last mentioned, we then marched to Congaree
River,
there we rested and endeavored to intercept Lord Francis Rawdon on
his march
from Ninety-Six to Charleston." After several bloody
skirmishes, James was
again discharged in September, 1781 and returned to
South Carolina. Then in
June 1782 he was drafted to "keep the Tories
in Edisto in subjection" and
released after a month's duty.
The
Revolutionary War pension, No. 30770, was granted James Goyne on July
22, 1836.
After American independence was won, James left South
Carolina about 1784 and
moved to Burke County, Georgia. Five years
later he moved to Warren County,
Georgia until 1791 when he moved to
Washington County, Georgia where he lived
until 1796. Then the family
moved to Hancock County until 1799, at which
time they moved to Tennessee
and then to St Helena Parish, Louisiana for five
years. In 1804 Goyne
moved to Lawrence County, Mississippi until two years
later when he moved
his family to Copiah County where they resided until
December 1834.
Finally James Goyne settled in Kemper County, Mississippi
where he
applied for his war pension.
Acording to GRF files:
"An interview
was held in 1905 with Susan Goynes Dickerson of Live Oak
County, Texas at
age 80. She was a great-grandaughter of John Goyne. In the
newspaper account she stated that she knew her great-grandfather and that he
and his four brothers had served in the Revolutionary War".
About 1791
James and Mary Goyne had become estranged and he later married
Heather
O'Brien. Mary lived with her oldest son John Guynes in Louisiana and
later moved with the family to Copiah County, Mississippi.
EIGHTH
GENERATION: JOHN GUYNES (jr), SON OF JAMES, SON OF WILLIAM (Jr),
SON OF JOHN, SON OF WILLIAM, SON OF THOMAS, SON OF MICHAEL, SON OF
JOHN GOWEN.
John Guynes was born to James and Mary in Camden District,
South Carolina on
July, 1776, the eldest child. In Georgia, on December
8,1800, John Guynes
married Matilda Hall, daughter of Henry Hall, an
American Revolution hero in
the Battle of Cowpens. This Hall family is
also found among Melungeons in
Virginia, Tennessee and in the Carolinas.
John and Matilda had 15 children.
John Guynes followed his father
James to Tennessee and later to Calcasieu
Parish, Louisiana in 1810.
John and Matilda were "received by letter" into
the Jerusalem Baptist
Church in Amite County, Mississippi near present day
Gillsburg in April
1812. He became one of the wealthier farmers in
Mississippi and owned
a dozen slaves. Some of his children married into
prominent white
families while others married into Melungeon-related families.
Whether John would have achieved as much success in older, more
socially-conscious states like Virginia or the Carolinas in 1810 is unknown.
John Guynes, like his father James, moved to newly opened frontier
territories such as the District of Feliciana in the Louisiana Purchase
where
struggling neighbors asked fewer questions about ancestry and
appearance.
From John Guynes onward, this particular branch of the
Gowens are officially
noted in government records only as "white", although
many family members
would later find evidence of a non-white past. Many of
his children and
grandchildren achieved prestige in mainstream America,
including a state
legislator, a circuit judge, army officers, pioneers and
others.
Gowen Foundation researcher Carroll Heard Goyne Jr. wrote:
'Feliciana Parish was once part of the West Florida Territory: that area
from
the Misissipi River to Perdido Bay, bounded on the north by the 31st
parallel
and on the south [roughtly] by Bayou Manchac, Lake Maurepas, Lake
Pontchatrain and the Gulf of Mexico. It was often called the District
of
Feliciana. This territory remained under Spanish control even after
the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and included Baton Rouge. The citizens
of West
Florida, tiring of Spanish rule, organized themselves and descended
in force
up Baton Rouge, capturing the Spanish garrison on September 23,
1810. They
raised the original Lone Star Flag [later carried to Texas]
and established
the Republic of West Florida, installed their own
government, and elected a
president.
After the Republic of West
Florida was founded, it took the United States
only 74 days to take the
republic into its possession. The Republic of West
Florida became the
County of Feliciana. It was subsequently called Parish of
Feliciana
County, and later divided into several parishes as follows:
Feliciana, East Baton Rouge, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Biloxi and Pascagoula.
The early American settlers who arrived in Feliciana Parish discovered
that
the area was still under Spanish rule, and only Catholic churches were
allowed. The nearest churches of their Baptist faith were in Amite
County,
Mississippi. They attended these Mississippi Churches until
Louisiana became
a state in 1812. After that, they established Baptist
churches nearer their
homes. Two of the Amite churches having Goynes
[various spellings] as membes
were Jerusalem Baptist Church and Ebenezer
Baptist Church. The Louisiana
members at Ebenezer Church withdew in
1813 to form Hephzibah Baptist Church
in Feliciana Parish."
John and
Matilda are found on the rolls of the two Missisppi churches in 1812
and
1813. Then:
"On Novermber 29, 1813, the Hepzibah church minutes
revealed, "Names of
members present at the constitution of the Baptist
Church of Christ at
Hepzibah, Feliciana Parish and who subscribe to the
above faith were as
follows: John Guine, Mary Guine, Matilda Guine..."
The Melungeon John Guynes, his mother, wife and brothers and cousins,
were
founding members of the first Baptist church in Feliciana Parish, and
therefore members of one of the first Protestant churches in the Louisiana
Purchase.
John Guynes received a captain's commission in the
Louisiana militia in the
War of 1812 until the decisive Battle of New
Orleans on January 8, 1815.
Later the same year the family moved to
Hinds County, Mississippi. "When
Copiah County was organized in 1823
from Hinds County, John Goyne found
himself in the new county, appearing in
the Copiah County tax list of 1823,
the first year of the county''s
existence. He paid $2.25 on "one poll and
two slaves." The family farm
was located seven miles east of Hazelhurst,
Mississipi."
John Guynes
died died August 15, 1840. Matilda Hall Guynes, "owner of 10
slaves,
five of whom were engaged in agriculture" died January 26, 1865.
Both
were buried near Georgetown, Mississippi.
NINTH GENERATION: HARMON
RUNNELS GUYNES, SON OF JOHN (Jr), SON OF JAMES, SON
OF WILLIAM (Jr), SON OF
JOHN, SON OF WILLIAM, SON OF THOMAS, SON OF MICHAEL
THE "NEGRO" SON OF JOHN
GOWEN OF 1640 VIRGINIA.
Of the 15 children of John and Matilda, Harmon
Guynes was the 13th. Harmon
was born November 3, 1820 in Copiah
County, Mississippi. In 1843 Harmon
married Emily Whittington and
moved to Scott County Mississippi within a
decade of the exile of the
Mississippi Choctaw to Oklahoma.
Emily was an English Whittington with
ties to the Finley Melungeons and said
also to be of "Indian" blood. Emily
and Harmon Guynes had 8 children.
Harmon moved his family to
ranch country in Goliad County, Texas in the
1850s. Whatever his plan
in southwest Texas, it ended with the Civil War.
The family tradition
has Harmon enlisting about 1863 in a Confederate
company. Mortally
wounded in a battle, Harmon reportedly died not long after
returning home
sometime in 1864.
Emily Whittington moved her children, mostly
daughters, to the Big Thicket
area of East Texas by 1880. The early
death of Harmon Guynes left many
questions concerning ancestry unanswered.
Emily, his widow, refused to talk
of ancestry. Born in 1826,
Emily survived to the 20th century. She was
buried in Clapp Cemetary
in Walker County, Texas. The state of Texas has
placed a commemorative
marker at the cemetary because Emily, and possibly
Harmon Guynes, were
buried there. The marker claims that the land for the
cemetary was
purchased because the people of Trinity and Walker counties did
not want
"Indians" buried with whites.
Most of the East Texas descendants of
Harmon Guynes grew up in the late 19th
and 20th centuries on stories that we
were "part Indian" or
"Choctaw-Cherokee". No one had ever heard the
word "Melungeon" mentioned in
Trinity County. But there are a number
of families in Walker and Trinity
County said to be "part-Indian": Johnson,
Dial, Boon, Odom, and Guynes, most
of which are related by marriage. These
are surnames commonly found among
Melungeons, Louisiana Redbones, and
Lumbees.
The youngest child of Harmon and Emily Guynes was Nancy.
Nancy married Dude
Hashaw in 1880 in Trinity, Texas. The
maiden name of Dude's mother was
Elizabeth Johnson of St. Landry's Parish,
Louisiana. Some claim she was a
descendant of the Virginian, Anthony
Johnson, one of the original Angolans
captured by Jope and Elfrith from the
Portuguese merchant-slaver Sao Joao
Bautista in 1619. If so, the
Kimbundu of the first sea voyage were still
calling, melungu, meu melungu,
after nearly 400 years.
In 1913, the children and grandchildren of
Harmon and Emily Guynes fell prey
to a multi-state scam targetting Guynes
and other Melungeon families. The
scheme's operators claimed the
descendants of Harmon and Emily were "Indian"
and were therefore owed
government money. The conman, Alexander P. Powell of
Laurel,
Mississippi, made contracts with many of the East Texas Guynes and
Louisiana Goins, offering to represent them in Washington D.C. with the
promise of getting their names on the Indian Rolls.
However, by 1915
the scam had been busted and Powell was tried and convicted
in Shreveport,
Lousiana and sentenced to prison for wire fraud. What in
their distant
past caused the Guynes to fall prey to a 20th century race
scheme?
What questions were they seeking to answer? In 1913, nearly 300
years after the old African-American John Gowen of colonial Virginia, the
slimmest suspicion of unknown "colored" blood had persisted among what to
the
eye, were white people. Today, 18 generations and almost 400 years
after
John Gowen, the first free African-American in colonial Virginia,
some of
the questions are being answered.
-0-
Biography: Tim Hashaw is an investigate reporter working from East
Texas.
He has filed stories for CBS, ABC and NBC from network
affiliates. Tim has
reported for radio, television, and print.
Awards for Best Investigative
Reporting from: The Radio and Television
News Directors' Association (RTNDA),
Associated Press, United Press
International, the National Headliners Club
and others.