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Johnson / Johnston / Johnstone
Jan
2007
A report by Billy Johnson, - Kit
No N25482… Haplogroup I1b, a Family Researcher of 10 years,
that began with an interest in Origin of the Johnson Surname
This research is to identify the "Origins",
"Evolution" and "Adoption" of the Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone
Surname, not individuals that may have "Relocated" or "Changed"
Surnames.
I have read many examples of how the name "Originated"
as “A Fathers Son" Johns Son, but I have never read of a specific
Individual Johnson Family Surname "Originating" as a Johns Son. You
must read very carefully when the “example” “A Johns Son” is used, it is always
how the name “may have” (Imagination) began. When this example is used, it
always states “A Son of John", then the example is immediately reversed, “A
Fathers Son" Johns Son ?, two different Cultures, Languages and Customs. A
common man, Serf, lived in the same area, everyone knowing his Family for
Generations, the need to identify himself as his "Fathers Son" would
be pointless. Titles and Individual Identification "Originated" by
and for Nobles, Land Owners; Royalty; Knights; Tribe Leaders etc. with the Common
Man, Serf, "Adopting" a Name. Serfdom did not end in England until
the 1600s.
It is important to know the Race of the Inhabitants in Britain,
Ireland and Scotland, their Languages and Customs when the Johnson / Johnston /
Johnstone Surname "Originated" and identify its "Evolution"
thru Cultures, Languages and Time
Johnson / Johnston / Johnstone DNA Project: all J/J/Js are classified
into DNA Haplogroups, Races, predominately R1b Celts (70%) and I Vikings (20%).
Each divided into Family Groups, many Family Groups contain all 3 of the Johnson
/ Johnston / Johnstone Surname spelling.
The history of Britain has been marked by a series of Cultural
transitions, Influencing and Evolving our Modern English Language.
The English Language (A),
Originated by the Anglo Saxons and influenced by Celtic, Viking (Norse) and
Latin (Priest), underwent a Major and Dramatic Transition with the Invasion of
The Norman/French in 1066. It continued to evolve from Anglo Saxon Old English 450-1100,
Middle English 1100-1500, Early Modern (Renaissance) 1500-1650 to Present
Modern (Present Day). The transitions did not occur overnight, French was spoken
as late as the 1300s and Gaelic still spoken today in Scotland and Ireland. Many
Cultures and Language Transitions resulted in the "Evolvement" of
Surnames over Time and in different Countries.
Celts: (800-400BC) (B) The Strathclyde Celts (C) occupied
Dumfries, Home of the Johnstones after 1066, and remained a Celtic Tribe until
becoming part of the Kingdom of Scotland in 1018 / Roman Occupation, (43BC-400AD),
came as Conquerors and Rulers to extract the Countries Wealth, not as
Colonists, naming the Island Britannia & the Celtic Tribes Britons / Anglo/Saxon
400-1066AD) from which Anglo-Anglis –English/England Name and Language is
derived. The Anglos occupied Southern England and the Saxons occupied the East
Coast as far as Edinburgh, called Northumbria (C)
/ Vikings (800-1066AD), (D) well
known as Sea Raiders but were also Colonists and Traders, established a large
Colony of Farmers and Families in the area of the Scottish Border from Wales
into The Strahclyde Celts region. / Norman Conquest, (1066AD) (E) , introduced
a new form of Government and the Norman Practice of inserting De (Of), between the
name of the Lord or Nobles Name and the Lands he Governed, he was then known by
his Land/Estate. Serfs "Adopted" the Surname of his Land (Lord) Owner,
Noble or Knight he Served or depended on for Protection. Robert De Bruc gave a
parcel of land to his Daughter Lady Marjorie in 1315, it was then known as "Land
Of Majoribanks". It was acquired by the Family of Charles Johnstone in
1630, they "Adopted" the Surname
Majoribanks / Charles Majoribanks.
Cultures: Surnames were not in use before the Norman Invasion in
1066. Individuals used Identification as Members of a Chieftain
and/or Tribe; utilizing "A Fathers Son" or Traits:1) Celts utilized
"Son Of" Clan/Children of a Chieftain or Tribe 2) Vikings identified "A
Fathers Son" and Traits 3) Anglo/Saxon: after 1066 used "A Fathers
Son".
The Norman/French Practice of
Nobles Identified with Land or Town (Tun or Ville/Settlement) and with 1),2)
and 3) "Adopted" as Surnames" after 1066.
Patronymics: Celtic: The Highlanders and Irish use "Son
Of" in the form of O' and Mac, the purpose to be identified as a member of
a Tribe Chieftain's Clan (Children), after 1066 "Adopted" as a
Surname, as "Son Of". In Irish names O' is more prevalent, as in the Irish
O' Neils and Scotlands use of Mac as in MacNeils.
Norse/Viking: One of the first, and most common use of "A
Fathers Son", occurred in Scandinavia with the use of "sson"
added to the Son’s Fathers 1st name, such as Erik the Red (985 AD) and his Son
Leif Eriksson, in use before the Normans. This use is to be Associated with a
Famous Father and did not necessarily create a Surname, until after The Norman
Invasion in 1066, as the Vikings were mostly known by Traits, such as Erik the
Red and Leif the Lucky.
Anglo/Saxon: added "ing" to a Fathers Name such as: Browning; Jenkings; Pershing; Dowling; Cushing; Cummings; Fleming. Note: Brown, and others, is a Scottish Surname, Browning is "Anglicized"
Norman /French: De is from
the Latin word meaning "of", Gilbert De Jonestun translated Gilbert
of Jone (John) tun (land/farm) and "Originated" on the Scottish
Border after the invasion of the Normans in 1066, with the De (of) dropped and spelled
many ways "Evolving" to the use of Celtic tun (farm) Jonestun; Johnestoune;
Johnstoun; Johnston and with the T often dropped on the Scottish Border and the
use of Johnson.
The different spelling is due to Literacy of Speller and /or Individual
and Pronunciation due to Nationally of Individual, Johnstone/Johnston/Johnson is
pronounced by Scots as Jawnson. Frequently in Ulster the "e" was
dropped, "e" was pronounced aye, and Johnstons were known as the “aye
less Johnstones”. Spelling is not a factor, as many variations exist of all Surnames,
such as: Donald; Donaldson and MacDonald all reconignized by Clan Donald as the
same Surname, also Forester; Forest and Foster and MacIntyre; MacAntuer;
MacKantare. In America, as late as 1915, only 13% of Americans had a High
School Diploma ), with Surnames "Originating"
as early as the 12th Century, some one other than your Ancestor determined the
Spelling on Immigration and other Documents, and in some cases your Surname.
Ts deleted, Johnston to Johnson, often on the Scottish Border and
in Ulster. Beginning in the 1700s – 1800, "Immigration Records" list
Johnsons as Irish, beginning in the 1800s the T remained most of the time in
Irish Johnston immigrants and almost always in Canada. In the 1800s, Scottish
Immigrants often retained the t and e, more Literate and Family Name conscious?
Ts are often Removed and Reappear on different Documents, of the same
Individual, written by different Individuals as late as the 1800s in America.
In Britain the Majority of Johnson, Johnston & Johnstones, reside
in the 2 Northern Border Counties of Lancashshire and Yorkshire, occupied by
Celts since 800BC, a large Colony of Vikings (900AD) and Saxons after 1066. It probably
"Originated" by Celts in the same manner as their near Neighbors in
Scotland as Johns Tun (Farm) "Evolving" to Johnston/Johnson and
Johnstone. The Vikings may have began as a Johansson, "Evolving" to
Johnson, "Adopted" by Saxons and many J/J/J Scotts "Relocating"
across the Border. All 3 Spellings occur in all 4 Races.
Other Johnston/es and Johnsons : Kasibeian Johnstons "Originated" on the Scottish Border and also have Johnsons, most notable Dr. Lorand V. Johnson, FSA Scott, many Immigrating to the New World / Clan Gunn of Northern Scotland: less than 5% of Johnsons and Johnstons are of this Heritage, a few Claim Border Heritage, the Name did not appear until after 1478 / Clan Donald states that "less than 2% of Johnsons claim their Heritage". / Perths original name was St. Johns, named after a Monk, "Originating"as St Johnstoun (Johns Land / Farm), " Evolving" to St Johnstone and A few adopting the Surname and not uncommon for the T to be dropped to include Johnson.
The Surname Johnson, Johnston & Johnstone "Originated"
on the Scottish Border and was exported to Ulster beginning in 1606 as James 1st
brought Law & Order to the Borders and revived the Colonizing of Ulster.
For all practical purposes all of the Johnston/es and Johnsons of Dumfries were
deported and/or immigrated. With Death Warrants issued, they willingly
immigrated as “Ulster Planters” or escaped to England or Europe. The
"Planters" were exclusively Scottish, as no English were to be found
of prior settlements. The majority (85%) of all American Johnson, Johnston, and
Johnstones today are the descendants of the Ulster Planters that began leaving
Northern Ireland in 1707 - 1800, more than 250,000
Scot-Irish, leaving for the New World of Australia, Canada and America.
All Surnames have different variations to spelling, such as Johnstone, Johnston and Johnson, between the "Origin" (1066) of Surnames and your first Documented Ancestor, may be unaccounted time, and in that period any of your Ancestors may have Relocated and Adopted, Assigned and Changed Surnames several times, your Surname was determined when it was Recorded.
Most Family Historians can not go further than “across the pond”
to Europe, rarely to the 11th Century Scottish Border. The present spelling of
your Surname, and it's many variations, is your Heritage.
Billy
C. Johnson
Footnotes
:
An interest in the Johnson Surname prompted me to
read any and all articles on the Johnson, Johnston & Johnstone Surnames, leading
into a Family History Project that go together, as does History and DNA
Projects.
1066 is a Reference Point, Surnames did not began to establish until the 1100s.
References :
(A) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_english
(B) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Celts_800-400BC.PNG
(C) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ShepardMap802Northumbria.PNG
(D) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Vikings-Voyages.png
(E) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England
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