Wakefield in 1888
WAKEFIELD is a city, parliamentary and municipal borough, market town, head of a bishop’s see, poor law union and county court district, and is a parish, township and polling place and piece of election for the Normanton division of the Riding, and in the Lower Agbrigg petty sessional division, and lower division of Agbrigg wapentake, 9 miles south-east from Leeds, 10 north from Barnsley, 24 north from Sheffield, 13 northeast from Huddersfield, 14 south-east from Bradford, 21 from Doncaster, 29 from York and 181 3/4 from London, and in the archdeaconry of Craven and rural deanary and diocese of Wakefield.
The municipal borough, declared a city by letters patent, July 11, 1888, is divided into seven wards and is governed by a mayor, eight aldermen and twenty-four councillors, viz-three councillors for each of the wards of Calder, Northgate, North Westgate, Primrose Hill, St. John’s and South Westgate and six for Kirkgate ward. The Corporation act as the urban sanitary authority, and the borough has a commission of the peace. The municipal and parliamentary limits up to recently were co-extensive, comprising parts of the townships of Alverthorpe-cum-Thornes and Stanley-cum-Wrenthorpe, but under the provisions of the "Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885," the parliamentary borough was extended by adding so much of the parish of Sandal Magna as lies to the north-east of the present Great Northern, and Manchester and Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railways, and known as "Belle Vue."
The town is seated on the navigable river Calder which communicates, via Goole, with the port of Hull, and is here crossed by a bridge of eight arches. The Great Northern, Midland, Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire, and the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Companies have stations in the town. Wakefield is well situated for the purposes of trade, its railway and water communication and supply of coal being excellent.
Wakefield, considered as the shire town of the West Riding is the seat of Her Majesty’s Court of Probate for the Wakefield district, and its central position with respect to the towns of Leeds, Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Barnsley and Dewsbury, and as a depot for the produce of the agricultural districts, must always render it a place of great importance. The waterworks, formerly the property of a company established by Act of Parliament in 1835, have been purchased by the Corporation, who, in 1880, obtained an Act for bringing water from Rishworth moors, near Halifax, and new works were opened in May, 1888, at a cost of about £342,465; the storage reservoir at Ringstone is capable of holding 200 million gallons and the Ardeley reservoir 300 million gallons. The gas works were established under an Act passed in 1822 and enlarged by an Act of 1846.
The Bishopric of Wakefield was founded May 26, 1888, in accordance with the provisions of the "Bishoprics’ Act, 1878," (41 & 42 Vict. c. 68) and of an Order in Council made in pursuance thereof, 17th May, 1888; the diocese has been formed chiefly from that of Ripon, and consists wholly or in part of the rural deaneries of Birstal, Dewsbury, Halifax, Huddersfield, Silkestone and Wakefield, together with the parishes of Woolley, Warmfield and Crofton from the diocese of York.
The Cathedral Church of All Saints’, situated in Northgate, is a noble edifice of stone in the Decorated and Perpendicular styles, the tower and spire dating from 1329 and the rest of the fabric from about 1460: it consists of chancel and nave, both with clerestory, and under a continuous roof, aisles extending the whole length of the church, lofty south Porch with parvise, vestry, and a western tower, with crocketed pinnacles rising from angle buttresses, and a finely-proportioned octagonal crocketed spire, reaching a height of 247 feet; the total interior length is about 186 feet and the width 69 feet; the tower contains a peal of 10 bells, cast in 1816-7, a set of chimes and an illuminated clock, and the base forms a western porch.
The original Norman church erected on this site appears to have remained till the beginning of the reign of Edward III, when an entirely new church, of which the tower and spire remain, replaced it: but the greater part of this structure was rebuilt towards the end of the reign of Henry VI. and Leland, writing about 1538, speaks of it as a new work; the south side was rebuilt in 1724, and the north side and east end towards the close of the 18th century; in 1858-9 the tower was re-cased, and the spire, which had been repaired in 1715 and 1823, was entirely rebuilt, and crockets added in 1861, at a cost of about £5,000, under the direction of the late Sir G. Gilbert Scott R.A.: the general restoration of the church, begun in 1857, was completed in 1886, and has cost £30,000, raised by voluntary subscription.
The stained east window of seven lights is a memorial to the Ingram family: below it is a handsome reredos of Caen stone and white marble, erected in 1867, by the Rev. Henry Dawson M.A. of Wakefield: the chancel floor is laid with stone and black marble, and the chancel and nave are divided by a tall screen of Jacobean character: the stained west window of the nave is a memorial to the family of Mr. Thomas Ambler Bolton, and in the north aisle are memorial windows to William Stewart and Annie, his wife, and to David Mackie and Robert Bownass Mackie: the east end of the south aisle, formerly called "Our Lady’s quire," has been the burial place of the Pilkington family; it is now known as "the Pilkington chapel," and has been thoroughly restored at the cost of Sir Lionel M. S. Pilkington bart, of Chevet Park: the chapel contains a number of monuments to members of this family, including one of elaborate character to Sir Lyon Pilkington bart, who died in 1714, erected by his son and successor in the title: this aisle also contains some very fine modern stained glass, erected in memory of the Rev. Martin Joseph Naylor D.D.; the Rev. Charles Joseph Camidge; the Rev. Samuel Sharp ; Thomas Foljambe and Elizabeth his wife, and their son Thomas; the Rev. William Bulmer, and to the families of Coates, Fernandes, Goldsthorp, Harrison, Maude and Stewart; the organ, aid to have been originally given by Sir Frederick Thomas Wentworth bart, and third Earl of Strafford, about 1799, was entirely rebuilt and enlarged in 1879: the font dates from 1661: in the church are many mural monuments and tablets, some of which are memorials to eminent persons: the whole exterior, including the porch, is enriched with arcaded panelled parapets, finished with a cresting, and relieved by crocketed pinnacles, which, along the aisles and at the east end, rise from boldly projecting buttresses of three gabled stages: over the east window and in the centre of the parapet is an elaborate crocketed canopy, surmounted by a cross: the cathedral is surrounded by a wide flagged space, planted with trees, and enclosed by a wall with palisading: Dr. Walsham How, first Bishop of Wakefield, was enthroned here on Monday, June 25, 1888, by his Grace the Archbishop of York: there are sittings for 1,500 persons.
The register dates from the year 1613 and is in good condition, and there are churchwardens’ accounts from 1585. The living is a vicarage, tithe rent charge £30, gross yearly value £400, including 192 acres of glebe, with residence, in the gift of the Bishop of Wakefield and held since 1875 by the Rev. Norman Dumenil John Straton M.A. of Trinity College, Cambridge, rural dean of Wakefield, hon. canon of Ripon and surrogate; the Rev. Joseph Senior LL.D. who resides at Scarborough, holds the office of Camden lecturer, which is endowed with £100 yearly, under the will of Lady Camden, and is in the gift of the Mercers’ Company of London. The impropriate tithe amounts to £37.
Holy Trinity is an ecclesiastical parish, formed Oct. 20, 1844; the church, situated in George street, erected in 1838-9, on a site given by the late Robert Hodgson esq. is built of local stone, and consists of chancel, nave, aisles and a western tower, with pinnacles, and containing a bell, and the base of which forms a porch; in 1868 the chancel was lengthened and an organ introduced, the east window is stained, and there are sittings for 1,000 persons. The register dates from the year 1842. The living is a vicarage, with a fluctuating gross yearly income of about £250 and residence, in the gift of five trustees and held since by the Rev. Wyndhem Monson Madden B.A. of St. John’s College, Cambridge.
St. John’s is an ecclesiastical parish formed Oct. 15, 1844; the church, built by subscription in 1791, at a cost of £10,000, is a building of stone in the Italian style, consisting of chancel, nave, aisles and a domical western tower, containing 8 bells; all the chancel windows are stained, and there are sittings for 1,000 persons. The register dates from the year 1792. The living is a perpetual curacy, gross yearly value £300 including 16 acres of glebe with residence, in the gift of the vicar of Wakefield and held since 1868 by the Rev. Edward Bell M.A. of Trinity Collage, Cambridge, and surrogate.
St. Andrew’s is an ecclesiastical parish formed Oct. 4,1844; the church, situated in Peterson road, and erected in 1846, at a cost of £3,000, is a building of stone, consisting of chancel, nave, aisles, south porch and a western turret containing one bell, and has sittings for 720 persons. The register dates from the year 1846. The living is a vicarage, gross yearly value £183 by grant from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners with residence, built in 1887, at a cost of £2,100 including the site, in the gift of Mrs. Frances Rebecca Disney Robinson and the Peache trustees, and held since 1884 by the Rev. Arthur George Whaley.
St. Mary’s is an ecclesiastical parish formed Oct 4, 1844; the church, situated an Primrose hill, and erected at a cost of £2,150, is a building of stone, consisting of chancal, nave, aisles and a western tower with low broach spire, containing one bell: in 1886 an organ chamber was added, and in 1887 the chancel and vestry were enlarged and the chancel floor repaved: the stained east window is a memorial to Joseph and Mary Simpson, and the west window to the Scott family, and, in the chancel are other windows to Jane Ann and Elizabeth Roberts, and to William Teall, Edward Teall Tomlinson and Mary Bedford Tomlinson: there are 650 sittings. The register dates from the year 1853. The living is a vicarage, gross yearly value £250 with residence, in the gift of trustees and held since 1881 by the Rev. Henry Griffin Parrish M.A. of Queens' College, Cambridge.
St. Michael's is an ecclesiastical pariah formed Jan 7, 1862, out of Alverthorpe-with-Thornes township; the church situated on Westgate common, and erected in 1858, is in the Middle Pointed style, and consists of chancel, nave, aisles, organ chamber and a tower containing one beIl; the east window is stained; the west window is a memorial to the Rev. Joseph William Chadwick, 10 years vicar of this church, and was erected by parishioners and friends; there are other memorial windows to the Rev. the Hon. Charles Thomas Erskine, first vicar, who died in 1861; to Ralph Linfield eeq.; to members at the Hallilay family, presented by Mrs. Hick and Miss Archer; to H. Bramley esq. and Edmund Sykes Holmes esq. and others: the interior was renovated in 1886, as a cost of £200, and has 400 sittings. The register dates from the year 1858. The living is a vicarage, gross yearly value £213 with residence, in the gift of the vicar of Alverthorpe, and held since 1882 by the Rev. Thorns Arthur Curties M.A. of University College, Durham
Christ Church, Thornes, is an ecclesiastical parish, formed Oct. 20, 1874, and of Thornes and Holy Trinity parishes: the church, situated in Thornes lane and consecrated in 1876, is a building of stone in the Gothic style, consisting of chancel, nave, aisles, north porch, and a tower with spire, containing one bell: there are sittings for 596 persons. The register dates from the year 1876. The living is a vicarage, yearly value £261,derived from endowment, in the gift of Mrs. Disney Robinson and held since 1884 by the Rev. Daniel Scurr Cowley M.A. of Downing College, Cambridge.
St. Mary’s Chantry, situated on Wakefield bridge, was originally built by Sir Robert Knollys K.G. in the reign of Edward III. and refounded by Edward IV. in order that prayers might here be continually offered for the soul of his father Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York K.G. who was slain at the battle of Wakefield, 31st Dec. 1460; the chapel is of Early Perpendicular character, highly enriched, and though much mutilated, was, before its demolition, a beautiful specimen of that style; it was entirely rebuilt by subscription in 1847, at a cost of about £3,000, and displays in its front several very elaborate scriptural representations in carved atone: the present building, an exact copy of the original edifice, is 41 feet long (of which the chancel occupies 14 feet) and 17 feet wide and has a crypt below the east end measuring 12 feet 8 inches: in 1888 the interior was restored at a cost of £300 and an organ and choir stalls erected, but the exterior of the building is now in a very bad state, the finely-carved stone work being much decayed: there are sittings for 100 persons: divine service is conducted here by the clergy of St. Mary’s.
St. Austin’s Catholic Chapel, in Wentworth terrace, built in 1828, was enlarged in 1852, and thoroughly restored in 1880, and has 550 sittings.
There are three Wesleyan chapels in this town; that in West parade, a structure of brick, erected in 1803 and enlarged in 1844, was renovated in 1880, at a cost of about £3,000; attached are schools, erected in 1872; the chapel on Wesgate common was erected in 1827, and that in Stanley road in 1871.
There are three Congregational chapels: Zion chapel, George street, is a building of stone, erected in 1782 and rebuilt in 1844; Salem chapel, also in George street, is a stone and stucco building, erected in 1801; the remaining chapel is in John street.
The Baptist chapel, in Fair Ground road, is an edifice of brick, erected in 1844.
The Methodist New Connexion chapel in The Grove, Kirkgate, was erected in 1865.
The Primitive Methodist chapel, Market street, is a small structure of brick, erected in 1838. In the same street is a Free Methodist chapel, erected in 1858, and there is another in Savile street, erected in 1876.
The Unitarian chapel is in Westgate, and the Meeting House of the Society of Friends in Thornhill street.
Wakefield Borough Burial Ground, Doncaster road, in the parish of Sandal Magna, opened in August 1859, has an area of 20A. 0R. 9 1/2P.; the extent of the consecrated part being 8A. 1R 28 1/2P. and of the unconsecrated, 11A. 2R. 21P.; there are two mortuary chapels. The cemetery is controlled by a committee of twelve members of the Corporation.
The Town Hall, erected in 1879-80 at a cost of about £70,000, from designs by Mr. T. E. Collcutt of London, and opened by 18 October, 1880, is a handsome building of stone, in the French Renaissance style: the front elevation in Wood street is 80 feet high, and is relieved by open balconies and a high- pitched roof, with tiers of dormer windows; and flanked at the north east angle by a lofty and picturesque tower, 27 feet by 19 feet 6 inches at the base, and 190 feet in height and containing a fine clock and 3 bells, the largest of which weighs 2 tons 14 cwts. 2 quarters: within the tower are also two large water cisterns: the entrance hall is supported by arches and pilasters of Caen stone, and floored with coloured marbles: within there is a court yard 1,480 feet square, hall keepers’ rooms and other offices: the council chamber on the first floor is 57 feet long, 34 feet wide and 26 feet high; and is floored with oak and to the height of 13 feet with American walnut, a screen of walnut wood richly carved, enclosing the spectators' gallery: the walls of the borough court are also oak-panelled, and all the fittings are of the same material: the banqueting room, on the second floor, nearly corresponds in size with the council chamber below it, but is not so lofty; The Wakefield borough justices sit at the Borough Court in petty session on Monday, Wednesday and Friday in each week at ten o’clock.
The Corn Exchange in Westgate, built in 1837 & enlarged in 1862, is nearly the largest in England, and includes a spacious concert room and various offices; markets are held every Friday.
Her Majesty’s Prison, in Love lane, covers an area of upwards of 20 acres, having been enlarged in 1846 at a cost of £120,000, and now contains 1,451 separate cells, but the convict establishment was broken up in 1867. The male and female hospital will hold fifty-eight male and twenty-eight female patients, and the fever hospital thirty-eight patients.
The West Riding Pauper Lunatic Asylum, Eastmoor, in the township of Stanley, is an extensive establishment, opened in 1818, has since been enlarged at different periods, and has cost for land and buildings upwards of £200,000; the building contains a dining hall, kitchen and other offices, and has attached a well-built chapel, in the Gothic style, erected in 1862, gas factory and farm steadings; there are about 1,410 patients.
The West Riding Sessions House, in Wood street, is a noble edifice of stone, with a portico of four Doric columns, supporting a pediment, on the apex of which stands a figure of Justice: in front of the building is placed a Russian gun, captured at Sebastopol. The West Riding quarter sessions are held at Wakefield in April and October, at the Town Hall, Leeds, In January, and at the Court house, Bradford, in July. The West Riding justices acting in and for the division of Lower Agbrigg, sit in petty session on Monday and Friday in each week at eleven o’clock, and on Wedneaday, one West Riding justice attends at twelve o’clock to issue summonses and warrants, and to dispose of prisoners.
The Wakefield Incorporated Law Society has apartments at the Court house, Wood street, with a library of about 540 volumes.
The Mechanics' Institution, a stone building in Wood street, contains a saloon, used as a lecture-room, a library of about 9,000 volumes, news room and class-rooms for elementary, scientific and technical classes in connection with the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, and City of London Guilds Institute; a series of weekly lectures, free to members, are given in the winter months.
The Church Institution and Library, at the top of Westgate, was erected in 1861, at a cost of £3,000, and further aided by a bazaar in 1876; the objects of the institution are the maintenance and advancement of the principles of the Church of England, the promotion of general knowledge and the cultivation of church music, as well as to encourage intercourse amongst all classes of churchmen. The library contains 3,140 volumes.
Holy Trinity Parochial Rooms, in George street, contain a library of 600 volumes and a billiard room.
The General Post Office, in Market street, is a handsome building of red brick, with stone dressings, opened August 1st, 1876.
Here are four banks, the West Riding Bank (Messrs. Leatham, Tew and Co.), in Wood street, the Wakefield and Barnsley Union Bank Limited, the Leeds and County Bank, in Westgate, and the York City and County Bank Limited, in Westgate.
The Savings Bank, situated in Burton street, is open on Friday and Saturday evenings to receive deposits.
The Wakefield Corporation Baths, in Almshouse lane, erected in 1874, consist of a spacious red brick building, containing swimming, tepid, hot and shower baths.
The Industrial and Fine Art institution, in Bell street, is conducted in connection with the Science and Art Department, South Kensington.
The Borough Police Station, in King street, is a building of stone, erected in 1878-9. The West Riding Constabalay Station is at Cliff house, near the Savings Bank. The Police Station for the Lower Agbrigg division is in the Sessions House, Wood street.
The Office for the Registration of Deeds for the West Riding is in Westgate, opposite All Saints’ church.
The Office of the Court of Probate, in King street, is a stone building, erected in 1863.
The Market House, which stands in the centre of the Market place, a spacious open area of 3 acres, and the Slaughterhouses on the north side of the parish church, were erected by the Borough Market Company, at a cost of upwards of £56,000.
The Head Quarters of the 1st Volunteer Battalion King’s Own Light Infantry (South Yorkshire Regiment), in Bank street, is a spacious building, containing drill room, armoury, orderly room and sergeants’ quarters, with an adjacent drill ground; the Battalion now (1888) numbers 320 men.
The West Hiding Industrial Home, designed for the reformation of women who have served their term of imprisonment in the West Riding House of Correction, is situated in St. John’s place.
The Industrial Home, for giving employment, temporary board and lodging, to discharged prisoners, in Westgate, burnt down in January, 1881, has been rebuilt.
Clayton Hospital, situated between Wentworth street and Northgate, and opened July 30th, 1879, is a building of Elland Edge stone, with ashlar dressings, in a Flemish style, and was erected from the designs of Mr. William Bakewell, architect, of Leeds, at a cost of £25,000; the hospital has a frontage of 287 feet, including a central tower 70 feet in height, and is planned on the pavilion system, with accident and special wards, operating theatre, day rooms and offices; the administrative department is placed in the centre of the building, with kitchens &c. in the rear; the laundry and a mortuary are on the south: there is also a dispensary, with spacious waiting room: the hospital is constructed to accommodate 52 patients, with provision for future extension: the site as surrounded with beautiful grounds, about two acres in extent.
The Ghammar School Trust is now administered under a scheme of the Endowed Schools Commissioners, which provides for the carrying on of two schools, namely, the Grammar School and a High School for Girls; the gross endowment is about £3,000 a year, and the number of governors nineteen, nine being co-optative, two ex-officio (the Mayor of Wakefield, and the chairman of the School Board), and eight representative (five elected by the Town Council, and three by the School Board), three ladies also act with the governors as representing the girls’ school. This body also administers a charity which provides pensions of £13 each for 40 poor persons in the town and parish of Wakefield, the endowment of which is about £700 a year, and three almshouse charities, namely: W. Horne’s almshouses for poor men, which have an income of £400 a year; Cotton Horne’s almshouses for poor women with £600 a year; and Bates’s almshouse for poor women with £100 a year. There is also Harrison’s charity of £200 yearly, providing £10 each to twenty poor persons, and an apprenticeship charity, called "Lady Bolle’s charity." The almshouse charity for Dissenters, and the hospital charity founded by Dr. Caleb Crowther in 1838 are now (1888) both under the consideration of the Charity Commissioners for the purpose of framing a scheme for their future regulation.
Six newspapers are published in the town, "The Echo," on Friday, and on Saturday, the "Wakefield Express," the "Wakefield and West Riding Herald," "The Wakefield Free Press," and the "Wakefield Evening Herald" are daily papers, and "The Wakefield Saturday Night" is published every Saturday evening.
The trade carried on by means of the river Calder and the Aire and Calder Navigation, particularly in corn, is very extensive. The soil of the neighbourhood is loam and clay. The vicinity abounds in market gardens, and great quantities of vegetables are taken to the neighbouring towns.
There are many collieries around the borough of Wakefield, producing an abundance of coal, suitable for domestic as well as for manufacturing purposes.
A considerable business is carried on here in spinning, knitting worsted, cocoa fibre, carpet yarn and china grass. There are rag grinding and flock mills, chemical works, soap works, iron foundries, and manufactories for iron boilers, agricultural implements, and iron and steel wire rope; there are also several machine works, corn mills, and many other large establishments. Malting and brewing also hold an important place.
The chief support of the town is its corn market, which is visited by merchants from all the neighbouring counties, and a great amount of business is done on the weekly market held on Fridays, which is also for corn, meat, vegetables, fruit and fish; a cattle market every Wednesday is largely attended by graziers and dealers. There are two fairs; held an the 4th and 5th of July, and the 11th and 12th of November, annually, for cattle and sheep, held on the Fair ground, which has an area of 2A. 3R. 16P.and is the property of the Governors of the Grammar School Trust, the net income belonging to that Trust.
Wakefield is mentioned in Domesday Book. The Romans had probably a station in the township of Stanley, and some years since a number of moulds for coining, with the coin, in several Instances, still remaining in the matrix, were found in a field here, and are now deposited in the British Museum. Formerly all the inhabitants of the Soke of Wakefield were compelled by a feudal enactment of great antiquity to grind their corn at the Soke Mills, situated at the foot of the bridge, on the left bank of the Calder: but an Act of Parliament was passed in 1853 (the late Sir Thomas Edward Pilkington, bart, of Chevet Hall, being then owner of the Soke) to enable the inhabitants to purchase the rights of Sokeage for the sum of £18,000, raised by rates, to be repaid, with interest, in six years, at the rate of £4,000 a year; and a board of trustees was elected for carrying out the object.
The famous battle of Wakefield, so disastrous to the cause of the Yorkists, was fought December 31st, 1460, on a stretch of level ground on the south bank of the Calder, known as "Wakefield Green": the Duke of York, with a force of about 5,000 men, refusing to wait for the remainder of the army, under the Earl of March, rashly descended from the heights around Sandal Castle, and attacked the vastly superior numbers of the troops under Queen Margaret, said to have reached 18,000; but on reaching the plain between the Castle and the town, his whole force was speedily surrounded and utterly beaten, and he himself was slain, with nearly 3,000 others, including many gentlemen of rank and position: the spot where the Duke fell was afterwards marked by a cross, destroyed during the Civil War: at the close of this engagement Edmund, Earl of Rutland, son of the Duke of York, a youth of 17, was overtaken and slain by the Lord John Clifford, and a spot close to Wakefield bridge, on the right bank of the river, is said to have been the scene of the murder (wide Shakspere’s Hen. VI. pt. 3, act i. scene 3): the bodies of the duke and his son were buried first at Pontefract, and afterwards at Fotheringay, whither the Duke’s head, exposed on Micklegate bar, York, was afterwards conveyed.
The manor of Wakefield, with its ‘Berewicks,’ was a demesne of Edward the Confessor, and forms an extensive baronial liberty, extending westward to the borders of Lancashire and Cheshire, and several miles eastward of the town. Marcia, Countess of Yarborough, is lady of the manor, The manor court is held at the Moot Hall, opposite All Saints’ church. The Office of the Deputy Stewards of the Manor, called the Rolls’ Office, adjoining the Moot Hall, is used for the transaction of general business connected with the manor.
The area of the borough is 1,553A. 2R. 30P. rateable value, £113,938.
The population of the municipal and parliamentary borough in 1881 was
Alverthorpe-with.Thornes part of township 5,763
Stanley-cum-Wrenthorpe part of township 2,918
Wakefield township 22,173
(including 908 officials and prisoners in H.M. Prison)--------
30,854
Part of Sandal Magna has since been added.
Parish Clerk, William George Buckley, Lord Rodney’s yard.
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