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The Golden Falcon |
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Chapter XVIII/12 - Silk |
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About
this time also the Duke of Savoy, instigated by the French King to
extirpate the Protestants of Piedmont, slew many thousands of those
innocent people so that there seem'd to be an universal designe to destroy
all that would not go to masse, throughout Europe." 23.2.1686:
"The
French tyrant now finding he could make no proselytes amongst those
Protestants of quality and others whom he had caus'd to be shut up in
dungeons and confin'd to nunneries and monasteries, gave them after so
long trial, a general releasement and leave to go out of the kingdom, but
utterly taking away their estates and their children, so that greate
numbers came daily into England and other places, where they were receiv'd
and reliev'd with very considerable Christian charity. This
Providence and goodness of God to those who thus constantly held out, did
so work upon those miserable poore soules, who to avoyd the persecutions,
sign'd their renunciation and to save their estates went to masse, that
reflecting on what they had done, they grew so affected in their
conscience, that not being able to support it, they in great numbers thro'
all the French provinces, acquainted the magistrates and lieutenants that,
being sorry for their apostacy, they were resolved to return to their old
religion; that they would go no more to masse, but peaceably assemble when
they could, to beg pardon and worship God, but so without weapons as not
to be the least umbrage of rebellion or sedition, imploring their pity and
commiseration: and accordingly meeting so from time to time, the dragoon
missioners, Popist officers and priests, fell upon them, murder'd and put
them to death, whoever they could lay hold on; they without the least
resistance embraced death, torture or hanging, with singing psalmes and
praying for their persecutors to the last breath, yet still continuing the
former assembling of themselves in desolate places, suffering with
incredible constancy, that thro' God's mercy they might obtain pardon for
this lapse. Such examples of Christian behaviour have not ben seen since
the primitive persecutions; and doubtless God will do some signal worke in
the end, if we can with patience and resignation
hold
out, and depend on his Providence." 15.4.1686:-"The
persecution still raging in France, multitudes of Protestants and many
very considerable and greate persons flying hither, produc'd a second
general contribution, the Papists, by God's Providence, as yet making
small progress amongst us." There was an uprising of the Huguenots in the Cevennes in 1715 which was put down brutally. 60,000 Huguenots emigrated to England but because of restrictions of the English guilds, Huguenot craftsmen could not settle in the City of London but did so at St. Martin's-le-Grand, Spring Gardens in St. Martins-in-the-Fields, Hackney, St. Anne's, Westminster, Blackfriars, Clerkenwell, Turnmill Street, St. John's Street, High Holborn, the duchy of Lancaster-without-Temple-Bar, St. Katherine's, Holywell, Norton Folgate, Shoreditch, Hoxton, Whitechapel, Wapping, Southwark, Aldgate, Bishopsgate, Thames Street, Broad Street, Long Acre, Seven Dials, Soho, in the Strand by Temple Bar, Hammersmith, Chelsea, Islington, Greenwich, Wandsworth and Marylebone. The main colonies were those of the goldsmiths and craftsmen at Soho and silk weavers at Spitalfields where there were still 11 elderly weavers in 1931. They also established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. After the Great Fire of London in 1666 the church of St. Martin Orgar in Martin Lane (between Upper Thames Street and Cannon Street) was given to the Huguenots to use until 1820. Hungerford Market (now Charing Cross station) had a building erected by Sir Edward Hungerford in 1678 the upper room of which was used as a school for the charity children of St. Martins-in-the Field and as a chapel for French immigrants. Another church in Soho (originally built for the Greek Orthodox community who had fled the Turkish invasion) was given to the Huguenots in 1661 after Archbishop Georgirenes was suspected of having kept Sir Edmund Berry Godrfrey's corpse there during Titus Oates Popish Plot. The Huguenots worshipped in chapels of ease at St. Mary Matfelon, Whitechapel, Stepney Church, at Christchurch, at Fournier Street (now the Great Synagogue) and the Old Chapel, Wandsworth High Street. In the provinces they settled in Buxton, Leek and Macclesfield which produced ribbon, handkerchiefs and "ferretting" made from waste silk or "florets". There were silk manufacturing centres in Reading, Gloucester, Oxford, Worcester (even before the Revocation in the latter town) and Hampshire exported to Philadelphia. In Wiltshire a Mr Salter of Chippenham (who later migrated to Malmesbury) had mills originally built by a Mr Hill, a Bradford manufacturer in the 18th century. Paisley was famous for its shawls had a silk industry in 1760; James Gibb of Bridge Street and Elliott & Dibbs of Woodside were Paisley silk firms. In Edinburgh William Elliott petitioned to manufacture silk in 1698. There were Huguenot settlements in Sandwich, Rye, Winchelsea, Norwich, Bristol, Glastonbury (under the patronage of the Duke of Somerset), Maidstone, Colchester, Halstead, Harwich, Dover, Yarmouth, Lynn, Barnstaple, Bideford, Plymouth, Stonehouse, Southampton, Dartmouth and Exeter. Another
town involved in weaving was Coventry which became famous for ribbons,
where in 1672, a manorial court leet by Act of Leet formed the silk
weavers into a company. Ribbons
were manufactured there after 1685 especially ribbons for Navy hat bands
and many seamen's wives and children were involved in weaving and allied
trades all over the country "first
in the winding it raw, whereby thousands of them earned their bread to
perfect it for the throsters"
("England's Advocate, an
Intreaty for help on behalf of the English silk weavers and silk throsters
- 1699"). John
Evelyn wrote in his Diary on 3.5.1661: "I
went to see the wonderfull engine for weaving silk stockings said to have
ben the invention of an Oxford scholler 40 years since." Huguenots were encouraged to settle in Ireland, especially in Dublin in the Earl of Meath's Liberties about 1693. The Huguenot's House, Sweeneys Lane, Dublin of 1721 was close to the Earl of Meath's mansion in the central part of the Liberties of Meath in Dublin, facing Brass Castle where James II was said to have coined the last money beating his image. During
the reign of James I, the silk weavers were incorporated as Silk
Throwsters. He planted
mulberry trees at Whitehall and the royal silkworms had special attendants
and a Groom of the Chamber who carried them wherever the king went.
James wanted them taken to Virginia but the ships carrying them
were wrecked in 1609 and 1622 and other silkworms died at sea.
["King James"
- Antonia Fraser]. Buckingham House (now the Palace) was built on the site of Mulberry Gardens established there in 1609 by James I. It was built on by Lord Goring in 1640 and granted by Charles III to Henry, earl of Arlington who left it to his daughter Isabella, wife of one of Charles II's illegitimate sons, killed in Cork in1690. The house was eventually sold to the duke of Buckingham. Huguenots were skilled craftsmen: bookbinders, gilders, tailors, button-makers, teachers, "ankersmiths" (anchor smiths), cordwinders (shoemakers), "chirugions" (surgeons), crossbowmakers, clothmakers, leather-dressers, merchants, silk throwsters, "saylemakers", shipwrights, "satten" (satin) lace makers, watchmakers and "maryners". They introduced the making of sail cloth, glass-making especially plate glass, clockmaking, lace-making and thread-making. They had paper mills and were opticians, joiners, weavers, goldsmiths, silversmiths, lapidaries, diamond cutters, jewellers, bucklemasters. "Their
large-windowed houses could be seen in Seabright Street, Cheshire Street
and others, Spitalfields still contains some fine old houses once
inhabited by the more prosperous of the merchant weavers.
Their large gardens contained mulberry trees in Huguenot days, when
silkworms were fed on their home-grown leaves.
Spital Square has been largely obliterated - only the houses on the
north remains" [Clun
- "Face
of London"]. Spitalfields took its name from the Hospital of St. Mary the Virgin, known as St. Mary Spittle founded in 1197 by Walter and Rosia Brune, which was dissolved in 1534 by Henry VIII. "Bishopsgate
Ward: In the year 1197, Walter Brune a citizen of London and Rosia his
wife, founded the hospital of our Lady called Domus Dei or St. Marie
Spittle without Bishopsgate of London, a house of such relief to the
needy, that were was found standing at the surrender thereof nine score
beds, well furnished for receipt of poor people. Then
have you the late dissolved priory and hospital commonly called St. Mary
Spittle, founded by Walter Brune and Rosia his wife for canons regular.
Walter archdeacon of London laid the first stone in the year 1197
in the parish of St. Buttolph, the bounds thereof beginneth at Berward's
Lane toward the south and extendeth in breadth to the parish of St.
Leonard of Shoreditch and in length, from the Kinge's street on the west
to the bishop of London's field, called Lollesworth, on the east. On
the east side of this churchyard lieth a large field, of old time called
Lolesworth, now Spittle field. Time
out of mind, it hath been a laudable custom that on Good Friday, in the
afternoon, some especial learned men by appointment of the prelates hath
preached a sermon at Paules Cross, treating of Christ's Passion and upon
the 3 next Easter holidays, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, the like
learned man, by the like appointment, have used to preach on the forenoone
at the said Spittle. In
the year 1398 King Richard, having procured from Rome confirmation of such
statues and ordinances as were made in Parliament caused the same
confirmation to be read and pronounced at Paules Cross and at St Mary
Spittle in the sermons before all the people."
[Survey of London" - John Stow]. The Spital sermon was preached at Easter from an open air pulpit in Spital Square attended by the Lord Mayor and the city fathers, a custom still carried on at Christchurch. During the reign of Elizabeth I the area outside the east gate of the city or Bishopsgate, known as Spitalfields, consisted of open fields bordered by trees, (especially elms) and hedgerows where the "city lads and lasses went maying in the spring" and sportsmen went fowling in autumn. Elizabeth I visited the Spanish ambassador there on 5.4.1559. Stepney, Bethnal Green and Mile End (then part of Epping Forest) were in the district known as Spitalfields. Near the city gates, both outside and within, stood imposing houses of nobles and gentry including Lord Bolingbroke who had a residence in Spital Square, Lord Morley, Lord Powis, the Countess of Derby and Sir Thomas Gresham had their houses at Bethnal Green where the Bishop of London had his rural seat. Walter Raleigh had his house at Mile End and the Marquis of Worcester in Stepney. Petticoat Lane (originally Middlesex Street or Hog Lane) stretched from Spitalfields to Whitechapel and was bordered by elms and hedgerows. Many Protestants lived along this lane near the Spitalfields area and also by White or Wide Gate where the silk merchants lived, previously a weaving area and centre of Non-Conformism.. Another area of French settlement was Petty (or Petit) France near New Broad Street. The Weavers Hall was in Basinghall Street and they occupied Bishopsgate. Their houses were specially built for them in the 17th century in streets with such names as Fleur de Lys Street, French Court, White Rose Court, Greenwood Alley, Swallow Alley, Fashion Street, Sweet Apple Court, Blossom Street, Flower and Dean Street, Rose Alley, Mermaid Alley and Pear Street. Bethnal Green, Hackney and Old Ford where they also settled, were open fields and cool breezes from the River Lea, the Essex marshes and the reaches of the Thames freshened the air. Their broad-windowed houses had workshops on the top storey, reached by a trapdoor and were double-floored, the basement and ground floor were used for business. There were large scales for weighing silk, baskets of bobbins or shining silk, hand sticks and coloured warp for weavers on the mahogany counter. The rooms had Adam mantelpieces over which a framed piece of brocade silk was hung. The warehouse was usually on the ground floor where cloth rolls, webs, designs and other things used for the trade were found on shelves. Workers passed in and out all day. The garden had mulberry trees as well as fruit trees, flowers and vegetables. The weavers kept 2 or 3 singing birds, indoor plants and had pictures hanging on the walls of their houses. The householders were small master weavers who sold their products to mercers and drapers who retailed these to their city shops. A master silk weaver had to serve a 7-year apprenticeship, then work as a journeyman, then as a foreman and when he finally became as master., he was entitled to keep 2 or 3 journeymen weavers engaged yearly who formed part of their household, together with the apprentices. About 50-60 weavers were employed by each master and a large number of silk manufacturing firms existed in Spitalfields until the middle of the 19th century when the manufacture of silk reached its height about 1850-60. The whole family worked in the business, the son managed the warehouse and kept the books, served customers and handed out silk, his father bought raw silk, selected designs, visited mercers and furnishers. The silk was weighed in the warehouse, then handed to the dyer, the dyed silk given to the winders and warpers, warps and weft to the weavers. Wages were fixed by a Justice of the Peace and regulated to meet the cost of living. Quality of webs was guaranteed by the Craft Livery Company or by government officers. Each weaver had his own traditional designs. The master was usually a churchwarden, guardian of the poor and sat on the committee of the benevolent society, assisted the new arrived Jewish immigrants in the area and smoke long "church-warden" clay pipes. By the end of the 18th century, the weavers in East London had increased to about 30,000 and their settlements extended into Bethnal Green in Stepney which was a less prosperous area as there was less demand for silk and more employees. Wages were lower and capital in the hands of a few. By the 19th century the weavers were impoverished. By 1850 the area was a Jewish settlement. The weavers formed the first unions and Friendly Societies. There were strikes in 1710 and a law passed in 1727 made loom-breakers liable to suffer the death penalty and several Spitalfields weavers were hanged in front of their houses. Their first union met in 1777 in the "Knave of Clubs" public house, Club Row, Bethnal Green. Their union was wound up in 1908 at the "Lord Nelson" pub, Type Street, Bethnal Green. By 1831/2 silk weavers lived in Spitalfields Mile End, Shoreditch, along the Hackney Road up to Regent's Canal, Whitechapel Road, Aldgate, Houndsditch, Bishopsgate Street Without and the Liberty of Norton Folgate. The manufacturers live in Spital Square, Devonshire Square, Great St. Helen's, White Lion Street, Norton Folgate, Bethnal Main Street, the rural districts of Bishop Bonner's Fields and Old Ford. The Spitalfield weavers were considered "inferior artificers" superior common labourers but inferior to London artisans. The machinists, draughtsmen, makers of weaving apparatus, designers, card cutters, warpers, turners, winders, yarn preparers, dyers and shop keepers, formed part of a prosperous middleclass. There were even itinerant button pedlars known in the north as "flashmen" - a "flash" being ribbon or garter. There were three great cloth markets in London, at Mile End, Spitalfields and Leadenhall Street. The latter had existed since medieval times as a centre for sailcloth, canvas and wool. Spitalfields grew to be a fashionable suburb where David Garrick, the actor of Huguenot extraction had his early successes. In 1660 Sir William Wheeler obtained permission by an Act of Parliament to build on the east of Spital Square. The Huguenots trades prospered and made England prosperous. By 1702 anything with a French name could be sold easily. Beaver hats were made in Southwark and Wandsworth and silk manufacture was started in Spitalfields after 1685. It reached Canterbury by the 1700s and peaked in 1713 when the Weavers Company petitioned Parliament. Émigrés of the French Revolution followed in 1789 so French was spoken in Spitalfields well into the 19th century and French names lasted till the 20th. After 3 or 4 generations, the richer Huguenots moved away from the area. In 1832 there were about 50.000 weavers. By the early 1900s there were 46 workshops, the most famous being that of George Dorée (d. 1916) a skilled weaver of velvet by 1931 only 11 weavers remained. Most of them had become unemployed owing to the introduction of the power loom and the popularity of muslin, calico and cotton from India. Silk weavers existed in Spitalfields up to 1880-90 and Spital Square (where Bolingbroke had his house in 1700) was known as Spital Yard until 1722. The entire district inhabited by the weavers from Bethnal Green, Shoreditch, Whitechapel and Mile New Town (where the family of James Winter, captain of the East India Company lived in Worcester House) were known as "Spitalfields" or "Spittlefields." On 5.1.1860 a commercial treaty, included in Gladstone's budget, allowing free trade instead of protecting the silk industry, killed it off. In reply to a petition for exempting silk from the treaty, either he or Cobden was supposed to have said "Let the silk trade perish and go to the countries to which its properly belonged". French silk arrived in England duty free whilst English wool carried a 30% duty when imported into France. Amongst the names of those who appealed were Harrop, Walker, Booth, Molineaux, Clark, Brotherton and Ainsworth who belonged to firms of the same name in Manchester and Derby and Thomas Jowett & Company of Bingley. By this time the industry had declined into sweat shops and English weaving was inferior through lack of competition. The weavers went into other trades - in 1895 one aged weaveress related her two brothers had become messengers for the Telegraph Company, another went to work for the post office. In 1902 the Association of Silk Merchants agitated against the 1830 Carriers Act which affected silk. This was passed before the railways were used "to secure the more effectual protection of mail contractors, stage coach proprietors and other common carriers for hire, against the loss of or injury to parcels or packages delivered to them for conveyance or custody, the value and contents of which shall not be declared to them by the owners thereof". It was decided that carriers, contractors of mail coaches and proprietors would not be liable for goods lost above the value of £10 unless the extra value was declared and increased charges paid. They managed to exempt goods which had less than 50% silk in them. Records of churches where Huguenots worshipped show French names. Many French surnames were anglicised by direct translation e.g. Leblanc became White. William White & Sons was founded by a family of Huguenot extraction, originating in London, who moved to Macclesfield and Huddersfield in 1843. William White was a well-known silk merchant who accepted payment of bills in milk and ham. In 1835-6 William Casey was agent in Glasgow for the London firm of White & Batt, silk merchants. Other names were Beaufoy, Cockerell (le Coq), Higgins, Burgess, Bird (l'Oiseau), Young (le Jeune), Cross (Lacroix), King (Leroy) and possibly Cartier became Carter. Silk manufactured by the Spitalfields firm of Carter, Vavasseur and Rix was exhibited in the Great Exhibition of 1851. William Carter was on the National Weavers Flag Committee. In
September 1810 the Silk Association and Silk Club took part in the
Brussels Exhibition and U. F. Wintour was Commissioner-General of the
British section - he was Ulick Fitzgerald Wintour. A letter to Mr Ryland (possibly Major Ryland) from Dorothea, daughter of Dr. Walter Henry Trinnell Winter (Rev. Charles H. Winter's cousin) reads: The
House that Jack Built, Wolverhampton, 30.9.1913 Dear
Sir My
father is laid up in bed and has deputed me to answer your letter in which
he was very interested. Some
years ago when he was staying at Bristol with my brother Adrian, he met
Miss Winter from New York1 whose uncle was Prime Minister for
Newfoundland2. Probably
Miss Winter is first cousin to your daughter-in-law. They
went on the river at Salford and Miss Winter and my father came to the
conclusion that both the Mr Winter of New York and Mr Winter of
Newfoundland were probably descended from my great grandfather's
half-brother who went to America in the early part of the nineteenth
century. *My
father showed Miss Winter an eighteenth century seal. She recognised the crest but not the coat of arms.
She mentioned, curiously, that they have no motto and nor have we. George
(James) Winter, who lived in Spital Square in the eighteenth century
married twice. We are
descended from his eldest son George by the first marriage, whom he
disinherited. Next
door to him in Spital Square lived Mr Cresse, who was descended from
Huguenot silk weavers who had come over at the Revocation of the Edict of
Nantes (1685). During the
Revolution he was very kind to the immigrants and took into his house M.
and Madame de Sévigné and their daughter, whose chateau in Brittany had
been burnt by the Revolutionists. George
(James) Winter married as his second wife Miss Cresse, while Mr Cresse
married secondly Mademoiselle de Sévigné and had by her a daughter Sarah
Cresse who was born in 1799. Young
George Winter, who was in the East India Company's Navy, fell in love with
Sarah, who was his stepmother's half sister and married her without
consent, consequently he was cashiered and also incurred the resentment of
his father. Mr
Cresse gave the young couple £1,000 and they started a store at Capetown3
and young George from there traded with the Mozambiques.
Ultimately he traded between India and China.
At the age of forty he took up journalism and started the first
paper in Ceylon, the "Colombo
Observer"
in conjunction with Mr Elliott. He
denounced the iniquitous Road Tax and is said to have fomented the Kandyan
rebellion4 and was tried by a drumhead Court Martial.
It was discovered that Colombo was not under Martial Law,
consequently the Court Martial did not hold good.
He was tried a second time by a jury of planters who unanimously
acquitted him and Colombo was lit up by cocoanut oil. (lamps). His
eldest son George Winter, a planter whose eldest son my father is. To
return to George (James) Winter of Spital Square, he had several children
by both marriages but my father does not know much about them except that
one son carried on the leather business, another went to America and a
third to Ireland. One
of his great aunts ran away with her riding master and their only
surviving daughter is married to one of the Flowers5. This
is all that my father can remember but when he gets up he will find and
send you a note book which may interest you. His
relationship with the Gunpowder Plot Winters is to the best of his belief
a pure invention of a distinguished Birmingham physician. With
kind regards, believe me to be, Yours
sincerely Dorothea
Winter. Mr Ryland was connected with the Newfoundland family. See below {4} Muriel Winter (d. of Sir Marmaduke George Winter & Alice Augusta Lilly) = John Ryland had a. Llewellan Ryland & b. John Ryland. There was a letter to the Huguenot Society, probably sent by Sarah Cresse's grand daughter Hilda Beatrice Winter, 19, Glendwr Road, West Kensington, London W4 who was a member of the Society on 10.3.1920. "Further
information is sought as to the Huguenot family of Cresse which figures
prominently in the Register of the Threadneedle Street church between 1676
and 1734, one member of which, Daniel Cresse received Letters of
Denization in 1681/2. The
family appears to have settled later on at Edmonton where Sarah, daughter
of David and Anne Cresse was born December 16th, 1799 and baptised
February 2nd, 1800. It is
believed that the Cresses and the Winters (to whom they were related) lived next door to each other
in Spital Square from the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes [1685]
and family tradition has it that a Mr Cresse welcomed the Marquis de Sévigné
and his daughter to his house and later married the daughter.
If so, Anne Cresse in question was nee de Sévigné which name has
been a family Christian name for 3 generations.
Our correspondent asks for information as to the manner of
succession among French nobility. Did
the title lapse or would it be carried on by another branch?
Or was the de Sévigné only a family name which others had at the
time? If title died and there
is any truth in the Sévigné tradition, it is likely that the refugee was
a mere M. de Sévigné but there should be some trace of the
marriage."
(Proceedings of
the Huguenot Society of London, Vol. XII No. 1, p.535). 1 & 2The Newfoundland Winters had no known relationship with Rev. Charles Winter's family. Fig.157
- Winter of Newfoundland (sent by Mrs Eileen Jones, 145, The Park, Market
Bosworth, Nuneaton, Warks CV13 0LN, 9.11.1992; & R. J. Fitzpatrick,
Paradise, Newfoundland). John
Winter of Uplyme, Dorset (d. 1674) = Mary Street > George Winter of
Uplyme (d.1.2.1701) = Elizabeth > Samuel, son of George of Uplyme,
Dorset (d.1742) OR Benjamin Winter/Winterhay (d. 24.5.1745), churchwarden
of Uplyme = Sylvia > James Winter (b. 1737, d. 1826 at Stoke, Newton
Bushell) of Uplyme, came to St. Johns, Newfoundland as a mariner in
1749-50 = (1) Susannah at St. John's in 1760.
He returned to England a widower = (2) Elizabeth Dottin on
5.12.1806 in Newton Bushell, Stoke, Teignhead, Devon >: A.
Susannah Winter (b. 1762, St. Johns) = in 1783 James's partner Marmaduke
Hart (d.
3.11.1829 in London), ship owner and merchant who had connections
with New
England & Bermuda >:
(1) James Hart (b. 1784.
(2) Susannah Hart = 1897 Charles Augustus Turk, MP in England. B.
Anne Winter (b. 1763, St. Johns). C.
Mary Winter (b. 1764).' D.
Lydia Winter (b.1767, St. John's). E.
Mary Anne Elizabeth Winter (b.1776, St. John's). F.
George Winter (b.1772, St. Johns) = Mary Macdonald, St. John's >:
(1) George Winter settled in Barbados.
(2) John Winter MD.
(3) James Marmaduke Winter (b. 1801 d. 1886). = Harriet Pitman in
Lamaline,
Newfoundland >:
(a) Sir James Spearmen Winter (b.1.1.1845 in Lamaline, d. 6.10.1911
in Toronto),
Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1897-1900) = E. Julian Coan.
(b) Henry Winter = Fanny Belcher.
(c) Thomas Winter = Florence Belcher.
(d) Harriett Winter.
(e) Elizabeth Pitman Winter.
(f) Sir Marmaduke George Winter (b. 1.1.1845-d. 7.10.1911) = Mary
Evangeline,
Arnaud > James Alexander Winter (b. 20.12.1886) > George
Arnaud Winter (b.
6.1.1942) = Millicent > Linda & Valda.
(g) Frederick Malcolm Winter.
(4) Frederick A. R. Winter of British Guiana = Eliza Brine in 1847?
(5) Mary Winter =- William Saunders.
(6) Caroline Winter = Lt. Col.Ernest Augustus Sall.
(7) Maria Winter, a spinster in 1852.
(8) Sarah Winter = Francis Trimingham of Barbados.
(9) Louisa Winter = John Mink Brine.
(10)Susannah Winter =William Hanmer.
(11) Emma Winter = J.R. Rothwell.
(12) Elizabeth Winter = John C. Preston from Demerara.
(13) Harriet Winter (b. 1802) = Lt. Freeman, RN.
(14) Anne Winter = James Marmaduke Winter (son of John). G.
John Winter (b. 1776). H.
William Washington Winter (b. 1778-80?), Captain Newfoundland Fencible
Regiment and Ensign > grandson Marmaduke Erington Winter
Kerr, grandfather of
Mrs Eileen Jones Sir Marmaduke Winter's grandson, the Hon. Gordon A. Winter, 6, Winter Place, St. John's, Newfoundland, was appointed Lt. Governor of Newfoundland in early 1980s. In a letter dated 11.2.1993 he wrote: "All
I know that the first Winter to come to Newfoundland is supposed to have
been a sea captain from Devon [Dorset]
who arrived in the 18th century.
The earliest relative that I know of is my great grandfather, James
Winter who was born here in the early 19th century.
He became Customs Officer and was stationed at Lamaline, a small
fishing village in the south coast of this island, close to the French
Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. His
chief duty was to prevent contraband from coming from the islands to
Newfoundland. He did not
succeed! The smuggling still
goes on. James Winter had 7
children, 5 boys and 2 girls. The
eldest James became Sir James Winter, Prime Minister of Newfoundland.
H. P. (Harry/Henry) went to New York and became a business tycoon,
mingling with the wealthy on Wall Street. The Miss Winter that Dorothea refers to is undoubtedly one of Harry's daughters whom I would have known many years ago. The youngest of James's family was Marmaduke, my grandfather (1857-1936) who became Sir Marmaduke Winter, a public figure and by Newfoundland standards, a wealthy and successful businessman". |