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The Golden Falcon |
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Chapter III/1 - Fleming |
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THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT
Stout
fitzStephen came to the king A
pilot famous in sea-faring "The
famed White Ship is mine in the bay From
Harfleur's harbour she sails today". Quoth
the King "My ships are chosen each one But
I'll not say nay to Stephen's son. My
son and daughter and fellowship Shall
cross the water in the White Ship." With
noble knights and with ladies fair With
courtiers and sailors gathered there, Three
hundred living souls we were. An
instant shriek that sprang to the shock As
the ship's keel felt the sunken rock. With
prayers in vain and curses in vain The
White Ship sundered on the mid-main "O
wherefore black, O King, ye may say For
white is the hue of death today Your
son and all his fellowship Lie
low in the sea with the White Ship." (Dante
Gabriel Rossetti) The
Worcestershire historian Thomas Habington maintained that the family of
Roger Winter settled in Wych during the reign of Edward II (1307-1327). The
county of Wych, in the Halfshire Hundred of Worcester, was renamed
Droitwich, after Edward I gave it the right or "droit"
of mining salt. The
place the Winters settled in Droitwich was probably Wynturesland on the
bend of the river Salwarpe, the "narrow
winding stream", where there are also places named Cassyland and
Cokesayland (the families of Cokesay and Cassy were ancestors of the
Winters of Huddington). John
Cassy senior and John Cassy junior were bailiffs of Droitwich or Wych in
1377 and Peter Cassy held pasture within its bounds.
There are brasses at Deerhurst of Sir John Cassy (1400), chief
baron of the Exchequer (probably the one at Droitwich) and his wife Alice
Giffard and dog Terri as well as those of Elizabeth, wife of Sir William
Cassy and daughter of Thomas Bruges of Coverle. Inquisitions
postmortem show salt springs held by the families of Elmbridge and Cokesay. In
1480-90 George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (brother of Edward IV and
Richard III) held Lydney, Salwarpe, Wych and Cassyland-next-Wych by right
of his wife Isabelle, daughter of Richard Neville "The
King Maker", Earl of
Warwick. The
word "wych" originated from the Hwicce, a race part-Saxon
part-Celt which inhabited the west from Gloucestershire (near Cirencester)
up to the Windrush, extending into Worcestershire and Warwickshire.
The name survives in place-names such as Wychwood Forest, Wychbury,
Wichenford, Elmley, Wychbold, Elmbridge and Ascott-under-Wychford.
The word meant flexible in Anglo-Saxon and this is probably why the
wych or Scots elm got its name, also known as the "Worcester
weed" or "Winter's
Bloom" because it blooms in winter. This
tree is found mainly in South Wales where it was used since Neolithic
times for the famous longbow. The
name "Winter's Bloom" is particularly appropriate. Accordingly
to Breconshire legend and Welsh genealogies, the original Walter or
William de Lacy (ancestor of the Winters according to some sources) was
reputedly in charge of the bowmen on the "Lord
Neville" (Gilbert de Neville was said to have been William the
Conqueror's admiral). The
bowmen were probably Flemings who were famous crossbowmen and archers. There
as a connection between England and Flanders since the mid 800s when
Judith, daughter of the Emperor Charles “the
Bald” married first Ethelwolf, king of Wessex, (marriage
unconsummated), then his son Ethelbald and thirdly Baldwin “Bras
de Fer,” Count of Flanders. Ethelwolf’s
son (by his 1st wife Osburga) Alfred the Great married his
daughter Alfrida to Baldwin II “Calvus”,
Count of Flanders (Baldwin I’s son by Judith). Flemings
settled in Normandy before the Conquest in the reign of Edward the
Confessor who married Emma of Normandy in whose retinue they probably
came. After her 2nd husband Canute died and earl Godwin plotted
against her, Emma fled in 1036 to Bruges, in Flanders or Fleanderland “the
land of those who fled” (from Saxony).
Her son Hardacanute joined her later and remained there until he
became king of England. Canute’s
niece Brunhilda (accused of having opposed Edward the Confessor) took
refuge in Bruges. In 1047
Godwin’s son Sweyn was outlawed and came there, followed by Godwin
himself 4 years later. Godwin negotiated a marriage between his son Tostig and
BaldwinV’s daughter Judith. After
the Norman Conquest in 1066, Saxons who fled from England to Flanders
included Hereward the Wake (son of earl Leofric of Mercia), Githa, earl
Godwin’s wife and their daughter Gunhilda who lived in Bruges for 20
years. Other
Flemings came in the retinue of Matilda of Flanders, William I's wife,
daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders but William lost the friendship
of the Count by sending his seneschal, William fitzOsbern of Breteuil to
support Arnulf, heir of Flanders, against Robert the Frisian.
When duke of Normandy, William recruited mercenaries from Flanders
and Brittany so there were many Flemish nobles at the Conquest who fought
on his side at the field of Senlac in Hastings, Sussex. The
Flemings were skilled bowmen. The
ruins of their Guild of Crossbowmen of St. George and St. Denis are
situated in the École Normale, Bruges.
All that remains is a great square tower of red brick which was
once much higher than it is now and contains a curious stone staircase
with a beautiful groined ceiling. At
the end of the rue des Carmes the ramparts and tower of the fortress of
the archers of the Military Order of St. Sebastian (martyred by being used
as a target for archers). The
crossbow was a speciality of Lens and was used until it was replaced by
the longbow after the battles of Poitiers, Crecy and Agincourt.
One Flemish family which settled in the Midlands, Cumberland and
Surrey were surnamed Crossbowman. The
crossbow remained a weapon despite bans by Pope Pascal in 1100 and again
by Innocent II in 1139 for use against Christians (but allowed when
fighting the Turks who were also famous crossbowmen). It
was used by Edward I against the Welsh, by the Genoese at the battle of
Poitiers and in 1350 Baldwin III of Flanders was appointed "Maitre
des Arbaletrieres" to King John II of France.
Crossbowmen were elite, highly paid troops, some mounted, others on
foot, comprising small companies, used especially to defend castles. In
1283 during Edward I's Welsh campaign, there was a large Gascon contingent
consisting of 210 horse and 1,313 foot.
The Gascons were also famous for their crossbows and Edward used
crossbowmen in conjunction with archers and spearmen.
During his conquest of Wales, 350 crossbowmen and archers were
drafted from the army at Rhuddlan to go on board 60 ships as marines.
Some were Gascons, others Genoese but the majority were Flemings. Flanders
(part of ancient Lotharingia) was a borderland between France (to the
north east) and Germany. Trade
routes ran through it to the Mediterranean and roads which joined France
with Germany. Flemish lords
held their lands from both France & Germany and as its Counts had
ambitions regarding imperial Hainault, they were loyal to their French
overlords rather than its German ones. England exported raw wool since Roman times and Flanders became a market because of its cloth towns where it was woven. The 100 Years War was caused by commercial competition in the Low Countries between France and England over the wool trade. Flanders (comprising present-day Holland, Belgium and parts of Luxembourg) came into intermittent conflict with France, a situation which lasted for centuries. In
1127 Louis VI “le Gros”
was called to Flanders to avenge the murder of Charles “the Good” of Denmark, count of Flanders. Louis first placed William Clito (son of Robert “Curthose”
of Normandy) and then Clito’s rival Thierry as Counts. Philip
II “Augustus”of France
married Elizabeth, daughter of Baldwin of Hainault and niece and heiress
of Philipof Alsace, Count of Flanders (who was a vassal both of France and
the Holy Roman Empire). She
brought the County of Artois in her dowry, including the towns of Arras,
St. Omer, Aire and Hesdin (28.4.1180).
Philip of Alsace retained the right to rule Artois during his own
life but it was to revert to France if Philip II left a direct heir who
himself had direct heirs. Artois
only legally became part of France in 1226 though it was occupied by
Philip II in his lifetime. When
Louis VII died on 28.9.1180, Philip of Alsace headed league against Philip
II of France composed of the Queen mother Adela of Champagne, the Count of
Champagne, the Archbishop of Reims, the Counts of Hainault, Sancerre,
Blois, Chartres and Nevers and the Duke of Burgundy (May 1181) whereupon
Philip II invaded Flanders. The
war lasted 5 years and was won by Philip II who received 65 castles in
Vermandois, Amiens and confirmation of his wife’s dowry under the terms
of the Treaty of Boves in July 1185.
Philip II came into conflict with Richard I and John I of England
when Flanders and the Counts of Blois, Boulogne and Toulouse supported the
Engish. France lost St. Omer
& Aire (1197) and the greater part of Artois (by the Treaty of Vernon
in 1199). When the Count of
Flanders died during the siege of Acre (which fell on 13.7.1191), Philip
II of France successfully claimed the lands of his wife Elizabeth (d.
1190) which the Count had settled on his second wife and extorted further
concessions from Baldwin IX, the new Count.
However the French were unpopular in Flanders and Philip had to
surrender St. Omer and Aire. It
was only after Baldwin bcame Emperor of Constantinople on 9.4.1204 that
France finally secured her Flemish lands.
In 1202 Baldwin, Count of Flanders went on crusade, leaving his
daughters, Jeanne and Marguerite in charge of their uncle Philip of Namur
who was an ally of Philip II of France.
Namur sent his wards to Paris where Jeanne, heiress of Flanders was
married to Ferrand of Portugal. Philip
of France appropriated Aire and St. Omer under the terms of the Treaty of
Lens in February 1212) and detained the couple.
When Ferrand came out of prison, he made a secret treaty with John
of England. John
had antagonised his feudatories in Aquitaine who appealed for help to
Philip as John’s suzerain. After
the murder of John’s nephew, Arthur of Brittany and Roger de Lacy the
castellan, was forced to surrender Chateau Gailliard on 6.3.1204, Normandy
fell to France. When Philip summoned his vassals against John, Ferrand refused to co-operate unless the two town seized by France were returned to him. Instead he supported the League (consisting of Holland, Boulogne, Lorraine and the emperor Otto IV) when Philip’s eldest son Louis (later Louis VIII) gathered an army to invade England in 1213. Philip
confronted the Flemings in Picardy and defeated them at the Battle of
Bouvines on 27.7.1214 after which Boulogne was handed to France. Ferrand
was captured and remained in prison for 12 years.
His sister-in-law Marguerite was given as a ward to Bouchard
d’Avesnes when she returned with her sister to Flanders in 1211 and he
married her. This caused
antagonism between the 2 sisters (instigated by the French king) because
the Flemings regarded d’Avesnes as their saviour.
Pope Innocent III asked the archbishop of Reims on 19.1.1216 to
proclaim the excommunication of d’Avesnes until he set Marguerite free
but this was not done because Marguerite acknowledged d’Avesnes as her
husband. Jeanne then made war
on d’Avesnes and her sister for 2 years.
He had 2 sons Baldwin and Jean.
Philip “Augustus” of
France plotted to get him excommunicated again and the Pope imposed a
pilgrimage to Jerusalem. D’Avesnes
then supported Baldwin of Constantinople so the French king forced
Marguerite to take a new husband William of Dampierre by whom she had 2
sons Guy and William. Marguerite
repudiated her sons by d’Avesnes and after her death, St. Louis of
France gave Flanders to trhe Dampierres and Hainault to the d’Avesnes. Guy
Dampierre (whose family originated in Champagne) tried to marry his
daughter Phillipine and then her sister Isabelle to the English heir which
enraged France. Philipine was
captured by the French in 1296 and murdered by Philip “le
Bel” of France. Guy
signed a treaty with Edward I of England on 7.1.1297 and Philip of France
invaded Flanders. Guy was
defeated and died a prisoner. The
conflict with Flanders contiunued until a treaty was signed on 20.5.1320
with France after which Louis of Nevers, eldest son of Robert of Bethune
(Guy’s son) became Count. Flanders
went to Burgundy when Louis’s great grand daughter Jeanne married Count
Phillipe “le Hardi” and to the Hapsburgs through their great grand
daughter Marie’s marriage to Maximilian of Austria.
Maximilian’s son Philip “le
Bel” became king of Spain through his marriage to Juana “La Loca”, daughter fo Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic
Monarchs.
There
seems little doubt the Winters were originally Flemings or Saxons
intermarried with Flemings. According
to Reitstap's "A European Armorial" (p.
66, 2nd shield) the Winter arms "sable,
a fesse argent" were also borne by members of the noble family of
van Borsele, Borselen, Bursell, Bourselle or Borsell, Comtes
d'Ostrevant, who originated
in Borsele, formerly an island in the South-West Delta (flooded in 1517)
with a castle, situated on the shores of the Westerschelde in the province
of Zeeland, Netherlands, comprising 15 small villages. Henri van de Vere,
lord and head of the army of Holland and Zeeland in 1438 (3rd
shield), Baldwin
de Bursell and Floric [Floris or Frank] de
Bursell, seigneur de Cartgen (4th
shield differenced by a mullet) and the van
Borselle wife (d. 1372, bur. Abbey l Notre Dame, Middelburg) of Casper de
Cupere (de Cuyper, de Kuyper, de Kuijper), knight of Keervliet, Zeeland,
whose ancestor Arnoldus (b. c. 1260) was a warlord under Count Floris V of
Holland bore these arms. The
fitzWilliam Roll show these arms were borne by Sir Bryan Beauchastle of
Beau Castle and the English families of Borsell,
Dumar, Elyot, (Hampshire), Orrell (Kent), Olderbury (London), Orwell,
Wading, Waldrington and Weere. Ostrevant (once in
Flanders) is now in northern France near Valenciennes [prefecture Dept
Nord, on the confluence of the rivers Scheldt (Escaut) and the Royelle on
the Belgian frontier] and Bouchain [canton arrondisisement Valenciennes on
the river Scheldt (Escaut), 4 km north of Cambrai] and not far from Douai
[sub-prefecture Dept Nord, 32 km south of Lille on the rivers Scarpe and
the Sensée canal]. The
families of Tracy & Suddeley (of Gloucester) were descended from
sister of Edward the Confessor’s sister Godgifu and the earl of Mantes
(a descendant of Hucbold, Count of
Ostrevant. Counts
of Ostrevant:
Hucbold, Count of Ostrevant (d. c. 895) = Helwise or Heiliwich of Friuli
(d. 895), d. of Eberhard (812-62), Margarve of Friuli and Gisela (818-74),
Emperor Louis the Pious (Charlemagne’s son) > Ralph I of Cambrai (d.
944 in battle), Count of Valois, Amiens and the Vexin = Leitgard of
Mantes, Countes of Mantes & Meulan (d. 12.11.990) > Ralph II de
Gouy (d. 926 or 936), Count of
Ostrevant, Amiens, Valois & Vexin = Edgarde or Eldegarde of Valois
(d. after 965), d. or niece of Ermenfroi, Count of Amiens.
She = (2) Count Waleran > Gautier, Count of the Vexin (b. c. 919
in the Vexin, Normandy, d. c. 944) According
to Chaume [“Origines du duché de Bourgogne”
i. 537]
Ralph de Gouy was son of Walter, Count of Laon (descendant of Warin (d.
677). Philip Grierson [“Complete
Peerage” xii, pt I, pp.411-12]
maintains he was son of Huchbold,
count of Ostrevant by Heliwich, d. of Eberhard of Friuli (d. 865-6)
byGisela, d. of the Emperor Louis “The
Pious”
or “le
Debonnaire”
son of Charlemagne. Professor
David Kelly suggests Ralph de Gouy was son of
Count Theuderich (living 888), son of Nibelung, Count of Vexin (in
864) mentioned in the genealogy of the family who held the lordships of
Perrecy & Jully, said to have descended from the half.brother of
Charles Martel, Charlemagne’s grandfather. Ralph
of Valois (d. 743) [or Ralph of Gouy (d. 926) by
Heiliwich]
> Walter I (d. 992-8), Count of Amiens, the Vexin & Valois > grandson Dreux (d. 1035) of Mantes, Count of the French
Vexin = Godgifu, sister of King Edward “the Confessor”
= (2) Eustace, Count of Boulogne > Ralph, younger son (d. 1057) was
gien English lands and perhaps an earldom by his uncle King Edward >
Harold de Suddeley, held Sudddely & Toddington, Glos & Chilvers
Canon, Warks in 1086 > John = Grace, d. of William de Tracy, bastard
son of Henry I > Ralph de Suddely & William de Tracy. Eustace
II, Count of Boulogne’s brother Lambert (d. 1054 at Lille), husband of
Adela (sister of William I “The
Conqueror”), gave up Ostrevant (which he held with Hainaut and &
Brabant circa 1050) for Lens [canton Pas de Calais arrondissement Bethune.
Ancient Lens, probably included the towns of Lens-St.-Remy,
Lens-St.-Servais, Lens-sur-Geer in Liege, arr. Waremme & Lens-sur-Dendre,
canton Hainaut, all in Belgium]. Subsequent
counts of Ostrevant belonged to the family of the Counts of Flanders. Baldwin
VI of Mons “Le
Bon”
(Baldwin I count of Hainaut), count of Hainaut, Mons, Valenciennes, d'Ostrevant (1051-1070), Flanders & Artois (1067-1070) =
Richilde d'Egisheim, countess of Hainaut, Mons & Valenciennes
(1049-1051 & 1072-1076) abdicated, d. 1086, > Baudoin IV “Le
Bâtisseur”,
count of Hainaut etc. (1120-1171) = Alix or Ermessinde or Ermensor, d. of
Godfrey, count of Namur d. 1169
(cf. First Dynasty of Luxembourg) > 2nd son Geoffrey, count
of Ostrevant, d. 1159 = Eleanor, countess of Saint-Quentin & Lady
of Valois, d. of Raoul I,
count of Vermandois, d. 1214. (cf.
Second Dynasty of Vermandois). John
Stow mentions Ostrevant in his “Survey
of London”: “In the 14th of Richard II, after Froissart,
royal jousts and tournaments were proclaimed to be done in Smithfield, to
begin on Sunday next after the feast of St. Michael.
Many strangers came forth of other countries, namely Valerian, earl
of St. Paul (St. Pol), that had married King Richard’s sister, the Lady
Maud Courtney, and William
the young earl of Ostervant, son to Albart of Baviere, earl of Holland
& Henault.” Froissart
also mentions this visit in 1390 of William,
Count of Ostrevant, son of the Count of Hainaut, Holland and Zealand
for the celebrations held in England at the arrival of Richard II’s 2nd
wife, Isabella of France. The
Count of Ostrevant took part in the jousting and was made a Knight of the
Garter which displeased the French king who made him swear fealty for his
lands on pain of seizure. Lodewijk
van Brugge or Louis of Bruges (1422-26.11.1492 at Brugge and bur. there),
lord of Gruthuise, Flanders, Prince of Steenhouse, Burgundy (now
Steenhuize or Steenhuijsen, south of Ghent, Belgium), knight of the Golden
Fleece and governor of Holland under the duke of Burgundy, .1st
Earl of Winchester, Cupbearer to Philip, Duke of Burgundy (1449),
appointed Captain of Brugge, knighted at battle of Gavre (22.7.1453),
assembled at 'The Vow of the
Pheasant', for a crusade (17.2.1454), Chamberlain and Councillor
(1461), joint-ambassador to Scotland (October 1460-February 1461),
successfully prevented Scots aiding Queen Margaret of Anjou (wife of Henry
VI) until the battle of Wakefield was over, made a knight of the Golden
Fleece at St. Omer (6.5.1461), had licence from King Edward IV to come to
England as Chamberlain of the Duke of Burgundy to fight a duel with Sir
Ralph Grey (4.12.1461), joint-ambassador to England (October 1466-July
1467) Lieutenant-General of Holland, Zeeland and Friesland
(14.5.1463-Easter 1477), received Edward IV (October 1470) when a fugitive
at Alkmaar and entertained him magnificently at Gravenhage and Brugge
(till 19.2.1471), when ambassador to England, Edward IV created him Earl
of Winchester (13.10.1472) with remainder to heirs male of his body and
giving him an annuity of £200 per annum, received a grant of arms from
Edward IV (23.11.1472). Chief Commissioner for England to treat for peace
with the Teutonic Hanse (10.12.1472),.ratified the Treaty of Arras
(24.3.1483), imprisoned (June 1485) because he opposed Archduke
Maximilian, forfeited property restored under treaty. He
married 1455 Margaretha van
Borselen (d. 29.8.1510), daughter of Hendrik II van Borselen, Comte de
Grandpre and Johanna van Halewyn, Vrouwe van Hemsrode.
They had 8 children (16.5.1488) [Source:
Leo van de Pas, Worldroots.com]. He
had a son John, lord of Gruthuise, father of Reginald who died without
issue. Remains
of the Hotel de Gruthuise (the palace built by his grandfather John),
still stand on the river at Bruges. The
church of Notre Dame, Bruges has a sculptured oak and stone tribune where
his motto "Plus est en nous" is carved, which also appears
everywhere in his palace. Louis,
scion of the House of Erembald (descendant of Desiderius Hacket's son
Ralph), befriended Edward IV of England when the Lancastrians forced him
to flee (in the 10th year of his reign) to the court of his
brother-in-law, Charles "le
Temeraire" of Valois, duke of Burgundy whose third wife was
Margaret of York. Louis
entertained Edward IV and Richard III at his palace of Gruthuise in 1471 Louis
of Gruthuise was made earl of Winchester by Edward IV and on 3.10.1472 was
given the arms "azure, dix mascles d'or orne d'une canton de armes de Angleterre (gules,
une leopard passant d'or, arme d'azure") but 27 years later in
the 15th year of the Henry VIII (1499), both grants were
surrendered to the king at Calais with no reason given. The
van Borselen family, Counts of Zeeland held Veere
(meaning “of the ferry” or “of Veere”; and also “feather”).
From 1282 to 1486 the van Borselen, Lords of Veere were allied to
the Dukes of Burgundy, rulers of Flanders.
Floris van Borselen may have acquired rights to lands in Noord
Beveland from the count of Holland in the 12th century.
Rights to Veere must have been acquired later by Wolfert van
Borsele or Borselen (1250-1299 [A]) the first known lord of Veere. Frank
(Florius) van Borselen married Jacoba (Jacqueline of Hainualt) van Beleren,
Beveren or Bavaria (b. 1401, Quesnoy, died 1436 of TB in Teilingen),
daughter & heiress of Willem VI, Count of Overleden (Holland) and
Margaret of Burgundy. Jacqueline
married (1) Jean de Valois-Touraine, dauphin
of France (1417); = (2) Jean IV, Duke of Brabant
(1418) whom
she left & divorced; = (3) Humphrey
Plantagenet “The
Good” (b.
3.10.1290) 4th son
of Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, created earl of Pembroke &
Duke of Gloucester (1427) the marriage
was declared null & void on 9.6.1428 and =
(4) Frank (Florius) van Borselen, Count
of Ostrevant.
(1432).
She ceded the counties of Holland, Zeeland and Henegouwen (Hainaut)
to Philip "the Good" of
Burgundy in 1428 [“Plantagent Ancestry of 17th century
colonists” - David Faris]. From
the 13th century to the 15th century Hendrik
van Borselen [F], was known as "Monsieur
de la Vère", which could have been the origin of the name Van
der Veer. Henry (who also
bore the arms “sable, a fesse
argent”) was lord of Veere
called Campveere in 1281 after the ferry that sailed to Campum on the
opposite side of the lake. [A]
Wolfert van Borselen, lord of Veere and Zandenburg (b. Veere in 1250. died
violently in Delft on 1.8.1299) = in 1275, Sibylle van Praet (van
Randerode or van Cleverskercke), lady of Waterland (b. Purmerend, d. 1295
Veere, bur. Brugge). [B]
Wolfert van Borselen, lord of Veere and Zandenburg (b. circa 1270, d.
before 6.4.1317), known as "Wlfard, son of the late lord Wlfard, lord of Zandenburgh,
knight" in 1303, = circa 1312 Aleid van Henegouwen (d. after
12.6.1351). [C]
Wolfert van Borselen, lord of Veere and Zandenburg (b. circa 1295, d.
before the end of June 1351) = Hadewich Bot van der Eemm (lady of Veere in
1363. d. circa 1371, bur. Dom of Utrecht). [D]
Hendrik van Borselen, lord of Veere and Zandenburg (b. circa 1345, d.
16.1.1401, bur. in Zandenburg castle chapel) = Maria van Vianen on
20.6.1383 or Catharina van Ellewoutswyck. [E]
Wolfert van Borselen, lord of Veere and Zandenburg (b. 1384, d. 16.1.1409.
bur. Zandenburg castle chapel) = Hadewich van Brigdamme (b. after 1388, d.
29.9.1464, bur.at Minderbroeders, Middelburg). [F]
Hendrik van Borselen, lord of Veere and Zandenburg, Vlissingen,
Westkapelle, Domburg, Brouwershaven etcetera, count of Grandpré, known as
Monsieur de la Vère (b. circa 1395-1404, d. 15.3.1474, Zandenburg castle,
bur. Grote Kerk, Veere), listed as knight in the order of the Golden
Fleece at Ghent in 1445. = 26.12.1429 Janna van Halewijn (d. 18.3.1467,
bur. Grote Kerk, Veere). Lodewijk
van Brugge, 1st Earl of Winchester, Prince de Steenhuijsen,
(1422-26.11.1492 at Brugge and bur. there), Cupbearer to Philip, Duke of
Burgundy (1449), appointed Captain of Brugge, knighted at battle of Gavre
(22.7.1453), assembled at 'The Vow of the Pheasant', for a crusade (17.2.1454), Chamberlain
and Councillor (1461), joint-ambassador to Scotland (October 1460-February
1461), successfully prevented Scots aiding Queen Margaret of Anjou (wife
of Henry VI) until the battle of Wakefield was over, made a knight of the
Golden Fleece at St. Omer (6.5.1461), had licence from King Edward IV to
come to England as Chamberlain of the Duke of Burgundy to fight a duel
with Sir Ralph Grey (4.12.1461), joint-ambassador to England (October
1466-July 1467) Lieutenant-General of Holland, Zeeland and Friesland
(14.5.1463-Easter 1477), received Edward IV (October 1470) when a fugitive
at Alkmaar and entertained him magnificently at Gravenhage and Brugge
(till 19.2.1471), when ambassador to England, Edward IV created him Earl
of Winchester (13.10.1472) with remainder to heirs male of his body and
giving him an annuity of £200 per annum, received a grant of arms from
Edward IV (23.11.1472). Chief Commissioner for England to treat for peace
with the Teutonic Hanse (10.12.1472),.ratified the Treaty of Arras
(24.3.1483), imprisoned (June 1485) because he opposed Archduke
Maximilian, forfeited property restored under treaty = 1455 Margaretha van
Borsele (d. 29.8.1510), daughter of Hendrik II van
Borsele, Comte de Grandpre and Johanna van Halewyn, Vrouwe van
Hemsrode. They had 8 children
(16.5.1488) [Source:
Leo van de Pas, Worldroots.com]. Mary
Stewart, Countess of Buchan (d. 20.3.1464/5), of James I of Scotland &
Joan Beaufort = at Veere (Campevere) in 1444 Wolfeart/Wolfert/Wolfhard
(John/Jean) van Borssele/Borselen (d. 29.4.1487), Seigneur de Campvere (Veere),
Zeeland = (2) 17.6.1468, Charlotte of Bourbon-Montpensier.
Mary Stewart had 2 sons by van Borsele [thePeerage.com
Person Page 5414]. The
lords of Veere were commanders of the navy from 1491 until 1558 and the
port became the Netherlands’ naval base.
Emperor Charles V made Veere a marquisate because of its loyalty;
the first marquis was a member of the duke of Burgundy’s family.
The marquisate was bankrupted and sold to Charles' son, Philips II.
[The
lords of Veere - Marcel
van der Veer] The
manor of Zuilen on the Vecht, 4 miles north-west of Utrecht was partly
held in fief from the abbey and partly from the bishops of Utrecht by the
lords of Zuilen who built a castle there at the end of the 13th
century. In 1302 this passed
in marriage to the van Borseles who became lords of Veere and governors of
Zeeland (the family became extinct at the end of the 15th
century). There
was a strong link between Scotland and Veere.
The former first exported wool to Bruges but the River Zwin silted
up and with it the ports of Damme and Sluis so Veere (originally a fishing
port in 1296) started trading with Scotland.
The Staple Contract granted the town a monopoly on importing,
storing and trading Scottish goods in the Netherlands. The
Staple at Veere called Campvere (near
Flushing/Vlissingen and Middelburg) on the former island of Walcheren in
the Netherlands, became the emporium of the Scottish traders.
Its harbour once had access to the North Sea.
In the 12th century Veere became the centre of the wool
trade with Scotland when the Cistercian monks of Melrose started exporting
wool duty free to Flanders, their Abbot having been given this right by
the Count of Flanders. About
this time, Ada (d. 11.1.1208, bur. Middleburg), Countess of Ross and
Princess of Scotland (sister of William the Lion, king of Scots), daughter
of David of Huntingdon married on 28.8.1161/2, Floris/Florent/Florence
III, Count of Holland & Zeeland (b. c. 1135/1141, d. 1.8.1190 on
crusade in Antioch). They had
the following children: i.
Ada (d. c.1205) ii.
Margareta of Holland (b. c. 1164-1203) iii.
Dirk VII (d. 1203) iv.
Floris v.
William I (b. c. 168-1222) vi.
Elisabeth vii.
Agnes (d. 1228) The
link between Veere and Scotland was strengthened in 1444 when Wolfert
(created earl of Buchan as a wedding-gift), son of Henry
van Borsele married in Zeeland, Mary Stuart (d. 20.3.1465 Sandenburgh
Castle, near Veere, bur. the Grote Kerk, Veere) Countess of Buchan,
daughter of James I by Joan Beaufort.
Henry of Borsele, Lord of Veere, wrote in January 1474 to the
Scottish king, about his gift of a tame young lion "unem
iuvencullum leonem, regium animal, bene mansuetum". During
the revolt in the Low Countries against Philip II, William of Orange
became marquis of Veere in 1581; the title of 'marquis
of Veere' remained in the House of Orange.
The surname la Vère supposedly became van der Veer from about
1700. This link between the
Stuarts and the Netherlands continued when Prince William of Orange
(Marquis of Veere) married the daughter of James VI. In
1407 the Duke of Burgundy created the office of Conservator of Scottish
Privileges in the Low Countries by a decree.
Scottish merchants lived in the town. Scottish
merchants from Edinburgh, Perth, Culross, St. Andrews, Dundee and Aberdeen
received several privileges in Veere (Campvere).
They had their own tax and legal systems and their ships had
special treatment. The Admiral’s Court dealt with international maritime law -
in 1528 Edinburgh appealed to the Lord of Veere regarding the case of a
dispossessed Scottish skipper. The
‘Court of the Lord Conservator’
dealt with both civil and criminal cases to those who came under by the
Staple Contract. Although
Bruges tried to keep the Scottish Wool Staple, the Conservator of Scottish
Privileges, Sir Alexander Napier, transferred the Staple Court to
Middelburg in 1518. The
Staple was again moved to Veere in 1541 during religious conflict in
Middelburg. The
Scots had a ‘duty free’ inn and a water supply (dug in 1531 to supply the
wool merchants with 40,000 gallons of water) continued to supply Veere
until 1931. The 2 ‘Scottish Houses’ were occupied by traders who used them as
business premises. In 1612
the merchants were allowed to build a chapel with a graveyard and appoint
ministers and elders. This
had a direct link to the General Assembly in Edinburgh.
In the 15th and 16th centuries Veere became
the main port for Scotland’s trade with Flanders, Holland and Brabant.
The main import was wool but coal, hides, whisky, flax, grain and
fish were also shipped there. The Netherlands exported cloth, tiles, leather, brassware,
wines and spirits to Scotland. The
Scotsman Sir Thomas Cunningham, Conservator and Mayor, was born in Veere
(in 1604) and lived there all his life. The
wool trade and the Scottish Privileges ended during the Napoleonic period.
The Scottish community in Veere
decreased to 15 by 1798 and the Kirk was closed down.
On 1.12.1799 the Scottish Staple Contract was cancelled.
Everyone once under the jurisdiction of the Scottish Court had to
leave the Republic. The
merchants returned to Scotland. The
noble family of Borselen, Bursell, Bourselle or Borsell (one of whom
became Count of Ostrevant), originated in Borsele, on the shores of the
Westerschelde, Zeeland in the Netherlands, formerly an island (flooded in
1517) with a castle. One
member, Frank (Florius) van Borselen, married Jacoba (Jacqueline of
Hainualt) van Beleren, Beveren or Bavaria (b. 1401, Quesnoy, died 1436 of
TB in Teilingen), daughter of Willem VI, Count of Overleden (Holland) and
Margaret of Burgundy. Jacqueline
married (1) Jean de Valois-Touraine (1417), (2) Jean IV of Brabant (1418),
(3) Humphrey Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester (1427) and (4) Frank (Florius)
van Borselen (1432). She
ceded the counties of Holland, Zeeland and Henegouwen (Hainaut) to Philip "the
Good" of Burgundy in 1428. Jacqueline (Jacoba) of Hainault (b. 1401, Quesnoy, d. Teilingen 8.10.1436), daughter & heiress of William VI, Count of Holland = (1) John, dauphin of France = (2) John, Duke of Brabant (whom she left & divorced) = (3) Humphrey Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester “The Good” (b. 3.10.1290), 4th son of Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, created earl of Pembroke & Duke of Gloucester (marriage declared null & void 9.6.1428) = (4) Florius (Frank) va Borselen, Count of Ostrevant. (“Plantagent Ancestry of 17th century colonists” - David Faris). When Charles "le Temeraire" disappeared, Flanders was inherited by his daughter Marie.
Marguerite
of Maele (d. 1405) heiress of Flanders = Philip
"le Hardi",
duke of
Burgundy, son of John II of France (d. 1404) > John
"the
Fearless" (Jean
"sans Peur",
assassinated 1419), Duke of Burgundy = Marguerite, d. of Albert, Count of
Hainault & Holland > Philip "l'Asseure"
(d. 1267) =
Isabel of Portugal > Charles (d. 1477) "le Temeraire"
(terrible, rash
or bold) = (1) Catherine, d. of Charles VII of France = (2) Isabel,
daughter of Charles of Bourbon by his wife Agnes (daughter of John "the
Fearless",
duke of Burgundy) = (3) Margaret of York.
By (2) > Marie (d. 1482) = Maximilian of Austria, son of the HRE
Frederick III > Philip "le
Bel" =
Juana
"la Loca",
d. of Ferdinand & Isabella the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. Marie
was supported by the Flemish communes who maintained the prosperity of
Flanders depended on commerce which could not be carried on unless there
was freedom. On 11.2.1476
Marie signed a charter establishing a representative council with a clause
that if any of the enactments were violated, wholly or in part, her
subjects and vassals would be absolved of their allegiance.
All the Flemish cities and towns were granted a special charter of
liberties. On behalf of
Bruges, Louis of Gruthuise demanded the revocation of the edict of Philip "le Asseure" made 30 years previously, which had taken
away its independence of the city. Louis
XI of France as overlord of Flanders, confirmed and renewed all the rights
and privileges she had granted. But
the feuds between the Flemish cities went on especially between Bruges and
Ghent although both Marie and Louis pleaded with them to desist. The
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III sent ambassadors, demanding the hand of
the Countess for his son Maximilian of Hapsburg.
On the arrival of the envoys in Bruges on 16.4.1477, Louis of
Gruthuise led them to the Princenhof.
Maximilian arrived on 18.8.1477 and the marriage took place on
19.8.1477 in the chapel of the Hotel de Ten Walle at 6 am in the presence
of Louis of Gruthuise and Marie's counsellor John de Dadizeele, created
Grand Bailiff of Ghent and High Steward of Flanders. John
was murdered on 7.10.1481 by a band of armed ruffians.
Rumours that the Lord of Montigny and the bastard of Gaesbeke,
respectively father-in-law and illegitimate son of Maximilian's friend
Philip of Hornes whom he sheltered at his court but died in 1485 during a
Flemish civil war at Courtrai. Maximilian
arrested five of the principal magistrates of Bruges without just cause
and demanded 200,000 "louis
d'or" for their release. The
people of Ghent pronounced a sentence of exile for 50 years against Philip
of Hornes who had fled to the court of Bruges. Marie
died after a hunting accident in the forest of Winendael and died on
27.3.1482. Under the terms of
the marriage treaty Maximilian's authority over the Netherlands ended and
Philip of Hornes fled the country. Adolphe
of Cleves, lord of Revestein (Maximilian's kinsman), Philip of Beveren
(both descendants of the Counts of Flanders), Adrien of Rasseghem and
Louis of Bruges, lord of Oostcamp and Gruthuise, knight of the Golden
Fleece, peer of Flanders, France and England were appointed regents. A
rebellion had broken out in Holland and before Maximilian departed on
5.6.1483, he confirmed at Hoogstraten, the authority of the council of
regency appointed by the States-General in return for an annual pension of
24,000 "ecus". Louis
XI of France, overlord of Flanders, died in 1483 and on his return from
Holland, Maximilian cancelled the treaty of Hoogstraten and revoked the
powers of the Flemish government. On
15.10.1483 the regents sent him a memorial maintaining he had no rights of
"mainbournie"1, no legal right to bear the arms of Flanders, he had imposed
burdensome taxes, pledged the sovereign's domain and sold the crown
jewels. Maximilian replied he
did not recognise the right of tradesmen to consider themselves equals of
his courtiers, that the treaty of 1477 was invalid and that the Duchess of
Burgundy had signed a document which she did not understand. 1probably
from the French “borne”,
meaning
landmark or boundary so possibly some right over such. The
lords of Gruthuise, Ravestein, Borselle
and Beveren, knights of the
Golden Fleece, were summoned to Brussels on the feast of St. Andrew,
November 30, 1477 by Maximilian of Burgundy to be judged by their fellow
knights. Maximilian
advanced on Bruges with French help - Charles VIII was married to
Maximilian's daughter Marguerite whom he father later brought back to
Flanders at sword point. The
Flemish cities were divided and were unable to defend themselves.
They accepted peace, acknowledging Maximilian as regent and
guardian of his son Philip "le
Bel". Maximilian
granted an amnesty but excluded Louis of Gruthuise who was not executed
but sent as a prisoner to the Chateau of Vilvorde and paid a fine of
300,000 "ecus". The
Flemings rebelled again and imprisoned Maximilian.
Frederick II and several German princes threatened to invade and
the Pope threatened an interdict. Philip
"le Bel" summoned the estates of Hainault and Brabant who
invited the communes of Ghent and Bruges to meet in conference at Malines.
Louis of Gruthuise, now free, joined those who wanted conciliation. In
1488 the Estates-General of the Netherlands met at Ghent where the
provinces bound themselves to defend their rights and privileges and
signed a peace treaty with Maximilian who was allowed to bring Philip back
to Flanders. The county would
be administered by the 3 estates during Philip's minority, Maximilian
would be paid to dismiss his German soldiers, he must adhered to the
treaty of Arras with France, cease to quarter the arms of Flanders and
promise to protect Flemish merchants all over the world. Maximilian
soon broke his word and Flanders went up in flames.
The Flemings chose Philip of Cleves as their leader and Louis of
Gruthuise with the burghers of Bruges rallied to his side.
Another treaty was signed on 30.10.1489 acknowledging Maximilian as
regent. Ostrevant,
Hainault and Brabant (the latter formed in the 10th century by
the union of Louvain and Brussels) were originally held by Lambert of
Lens, brother of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne.
The county of Lens was bestowed on Lambert by his father about 1029
as compensation for the loss of Ostrevant, a county traditionally held by
the heir of Hainault which he may have inherited from his mother, Maud of
Louvain. Lambert
of Lens was uncle of Godfrey de Bouillon, Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre
and his brother Baldwin, king of Jerusalem.
Lambert married Adela, sister of William I and died at the battle
of Lille in 1054. By his
first wife (name unknown) he left two sons Seier and Walter who held the
lands in the English Midlands. Amongst
the Flemings who came to England with the Conqueror were Gilbert of Gand,
Gaunt or Ghent (descendant of the counts of Alost) and William Peverel
(descended from the counts of St. Pol), both grandsons of count Lambert of
Lens and Walter and Hugh Fleming, Lambert's sons by his first marriage.
In 1054 Lambert of Lens married Adela, sister of William the
Conqueror by whom he had a daughter Judith, wife of Waltheof, earl of
Northumbria whose daughters Alice married Ralph de Toesni or Tony and and
Maud, wife first of Simon de St. Lis or Senlis (descendant of the house of
Vermandois) and then of David I of Scots. Ostrevant
or Oostevant (a region around Bouchain and Valenciennes, now in Northern
France) is near Douai (32 km south of Lille) - all 3 places (in
present-day France) were once in Flanders. Douai (now in the French sub-prefecture, dept Nord, on the Scarpe and the Sensée canal) became a bone of contention between France and Flanders. Douai, Lille, Athies and Béthune were pledged to Philip IV “le Bel” under the terms of the Treaty of Athis on 5.6.1305 and claimed by him. In 1305 Charles V of France reversed the terms of the Treaty of Athis when he abandoned Walloon Flanders. Edward III (whose wife was the Flemish Philippa of Hainault) guaranteed Lille, Douai, Orchies and Artois to Flanders in 1339 and Douai was later transferred to France. Flanders remained in French hands until Francis I surrendered it with Artois, Hesdin, Lille, Douai, Orchies, Tournai and St. Amand under the Treaty of Cambrai (known as the “Paix des Dames”) in August 1528. In 1667 Tournai, Douai, Courtrai, Lille and Alost fell to Louis XIV of France. Walter
de Douai of the house of Aubigny-en-Artois, castellan of Douai (whose arms
were "gules, a chief ermine") emigrated to England.
He held lands in Devonshire which bordered those of the Flemish
knights William de Chievres and Baldwin the Fleming of Biggar, sheriff of
Lanarkshire. Baldwin
the Fleming's ancestor Lambert of Moulton held Egremont, Cumberland
(deriving from Aigremont near Lille).
The lords of Aigremont were peers of Lille, advocates of Tournai
and crusaders. Their arms "gules, a fesse ermine" were inherited by the Scottish
family of Crawford. The
arms"sable, a fesse ermine", given to William Winter
(supposedly knighted at the siege of Calais in 1346-7) may be the same
arms with a change of tincture usually showing some kinship or descent,
possibly through the family of de Lucy and Morville - a Winter (of Saxon
descent), was a villein of Hugh de Morville in Scotland. Multon
of Egremont derived from Moulton in Lincolnshire.
Lambert de Multon who descended from English thegns, held land in
1142 in Revesby of William of Roumare, earl of Lincoln. Fig.
36
- Moulton Hugh
de Morville >: (a)
daughter = Richard, son of William Briwerre (1202). (b)
Ada de Morville = (1) Richard de Lucy of Egremont = (2) Thomas de Multon,
king's prolocutor. By
(2) > Thomas de Multon had his wife's dower lands in Devon &
Somerset in 1247. Thomas de Multon, king's prolocutor = (1) Sarah de Flete > by (1) Lambert de Multon = Amabel, d. of Richard de Lucy. The
land of Odard de Wigton was held in 1223 by the 3 co-heiresses of Richard
de Lucy, one of whom was Alice de Rumelly. According
to Robert Cooke, Clarenceaux King of Arms, Richard Cromleyn of
Huddington's arms (which the Winters of Wych had the right to bear) were "azure,
3 fishes or salmons naiant or" also given in the General Armory
but its source is Cooke's genealogy. Rev.
Frederick Brown's Collection in the Somerset Records Office gives the
Cromleyn arms as "azure
crusilly, 3 fishes (lucies or pikefish)
haurient or" which were the arms of Eumeric de Lucy, brother of
Geoffrey de Lucy of Egremont (Herald's
Roll of 1285 in "Medieval
Heraldry" - A.R.
Wagner). Desiderius
Hacket's daughter was married to Walter Cromlin, lord of Lisseweghe who
may possibly have been ancestor of Richard Cromleyn of Huddington.
The arms of Thomas Hacket, mayor of Dublin (1688) were "3
hakes naiant fesseways" but this is an example of canting arms
being a pun on his surname. However
the area where the Flemish Karls settled on the coast of Flanders was
famous for its fishing industry. The
family of Lucy may have originated in Luzy in the Nivernois (capital
Nevers). A render was made by Henry I of the lordship of Diss, Norfolk
to Richard de Lucy, governor of Falaise and Lieutenant of England probably
related to Reginald de Lucy. William
I gave Cumbria to Ranulf Meschin, Chester to his brother Geoffrey Meschin
and Coupland (Copeland) to William Meschin, another brother.
Ranulf and his brothers were nephews of Hugh “Lupus”, earl of Chester and the barony of Greystock and
Gillesland was part of Ranulf's lands.
Egremont was caput of the barony of Coupland with castles at
Cockermouth and Liddel. Richard
de Lucy became lord of the barony at the end of the 12th century.
Liddel was held by Baldwin de Wake (d. 1282). Richard de Lucy's daughter Maud married Henry Percy, 1st earl of Northumberland ("Roll of Battle Abbey" - J. B. Burke) and the heir of the Percys was called lord Egremont. According to John Stow in his "Survey of London", Maud or Matilda de Lucy married secondly Walter de Clare of Dunmow, Essex and Baynard's Castle, London.
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