MOST PEOPLE CAN NOT FULLY ACHIEVE THEIR GENEALOGICAL GOALS UNLESS THEY BUY A NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) TEST, e.g., Big Y. About half of the Stewart men in this project did so. You will know WHY if you can understand some technical terms, e.g., TERMINAL SNP, the defining SNP of the latest subclade known by current research. "Big Y is probably the most important Y DNA test that you can take because it goes beyond testing for public and known SNPs. Big Y discovers your own line of SNPs rather than just the known SNPs." Scroll down to row # 6 near the bottom of this page, and then towards the right if you want to read a message from the administrator of FTDNA's R-L21 project about why one should buy a Big Y test.

Ask your project administators for advice in order to avoid requesting a refund, or spending hundreds of dollars on STR, SNP pack, etc. tests from which you may never benefit.

Welcome to FTDNA's project for y-DNA tested descendants of the first hereditary HIGH STEWARD of SCOTLAND. 
All of them belong to Haplogroup (Hg) R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a1d1a, & test positive for SNPs L744/S388, L745/S463 & L746/S310

You may JOIN FTDNA's royal Stewart project provisionally, no matter what gender & surname you have, if you think that you descend from this Stewart family.
Women may persuade a male relative to have a y-DNA (Y chromosome DNA) test, but can not have one themselves. FTDNA does not LIMIT the number of projects that one may join.

Click on any image or map on this page if you want to see larger versions, or their sources.

We thank Family Tree DNA's President and CEO Bennett Greenspan for helping us to discover who our patrilineal ancestors were all the way back to figurative ADAM, by creating this exclusive project for the descendants of Walter FitzAllan (1106 – June 1177) on October 29, 2010. See FTDNA's video about DNA testing and genetic genealogy at https://youtu.be/wVmTYXVQmzg.

Column # 4

Maps # 1 (Sahel & Sahara coast to coast) & # 2 (Exodus from the Sahel) & # 3 (The ice sheet advance that preceded the Holocene)

Hg R1 is the second most common haplogroup among American Indians because some Hamitic hunter gatherers did not remain in the Fertile Crescent after they left the Sahel. See Map # 14 in Column # 6.

Hamitic Kebarans, Natufians and Americans

The habitable forests of Eurasia had been over-populated by other territorial races for tens of thousands of years before Hamitic hunter gatherers left the Sahel, so some of them skirted to the north of the territorial Mongoloids during an unusually warm summer, and populated America before any other race had, with the possible exception of Neanderthals.

If an asteroid had not devastated these blond, blue-eyed, heat-adapted Hamitic American Indians thousands of years later, Mongoloid Indians could not have invaded and driven them to the fringes of America, and the Vikings who discovered Vinland about a thousand years ago would have have been greeted by American Indians who looked almost exactly like themselves (see the Hg R Map # 14 in Column # 6).

Semitic herdsmen (called Hyksos, i.e., "rulers of foreign lands", by the ancient Egyptians) migrated across the Mandeb straits and northwards along the Persian Gulf. They enslaved the Hg R1b1a2 Hamitic farmers of southern Mesopotamian about 6 KYA, and had become numerous enough to enslave the Hamitic Egyptians by about 4 KYA (see Map # 9 in Column # 6). Some farmers avoided being enslaved by genocidal Semites by becoming herdsmen too, or by escaping across Anatolia to Central Eurasia (the Sahara desert prevented travel to the south). Any farmer or herdsman who survived the trip across the Sahara desert even at its greenest would have been outnumbered and killed by the territorial hunter gatherers and herdsmen whose ancestors never left the Sahel (hundreds of thousands of years of evolution have made mankind instinctively and permanently racist to the core despite its hypocrisy).

Central Asian farmers who were attacked by Mongoloid herdsmen fled to the forests of northern Europe (livestock starve in a forest).

Map # 4 & # 5 - Hamites fled to the Fertile Crescent from a Sahelian drought, and to Europe from Semitic & Mongoloid herdmen.

Map # 4 above shows that some Hamites (Hg R) never left the vicinity of Lake Chad. Others migrated to the Fertile Crescent about 18 KYA, harvested the seeds of wild grasses because there was so little game, and became the first farmers (Kebaron and Natufian) on earth (hunter-gatherers already occupied the rest of Eurasia). Semitic herdsmen and terrorists motivated most of these Hamitic farmers to escape to Anatolia before ~3 KYA, and from there by land and sea to the Pyrennes and to the other parts of Eurasia shown in the map # 4 above. Farmers become as domesticated as farm animals. They can not compete with their savage cousins, so their civilizations never last long.

The Almost Total Holocaust of the Hamitic Farmers of the Fertile Crescent

• Why did some Hamites leave Africa? The LGM reduced global temperatures and therefore evaporation from the oceans and the rainfall that the wildlife and hunter-gatherers of the Sahel needed in order to survive.
• Why did part of the Hamitic population travel northwards up the Nile river valley to the Fertile Crescent? They would have been killed by the territorial inhabitants of Africa's equatorial rain forest if they had traveled south, and by territorial Semites if they had traveled further east in order to cross the Mandeb strait into Arabia.
• Why did some Hamites remain in the Fertile Crescent instead of seek better hunting grounds elsewhere? Hunter-gatherers had already populated the more habitable parts of Eurasia. No other race wanted the relatively barren Fertile Crescent.
• Why did some Hamites become farmers? They had to forage for grass seed and eventually to cultivate it because there was so little rainfall and wild game in the Fertile Crescent.
• Why is Hg R no longer the most common in the Fertile Crescent? Hamites fled from the droughts, over-population, and finally the genocidal Semitic herdsmen who invaded their territory. Semitic herdsmen terrorized and gradually conquered, killed, enslaved and drove out nearly all of the Hamitic farmers of the entire Fertile Crescent except the Kurds and the endogamous Yazidis (the Yazidi girl at this link looks so Aryan that you will be shocked).
• Why did some Hamites migrate from Central Asia to the forests of northern Europe? In order to escape from the genocidal Mongoloid herdsmen who attacked their farms.

Map # 6 below shows vegetation during the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500-19,000 years ago).

Map # 6

Since Pygmies and Negroes have always evolved where ultraviolet light levels (of the kind that are "supposed" to help human skin make vitamin D) are particularly low, why aren't they as white as plucked chickens? After mankind became less hairy, the skins of most races eventually DARKENED FOR CAMOUFLAGE because their ancestors lived under multiple canopies of vegetation in the dark forests of Africa, Eurasia, etc. for tens of thousands of years. Why aren't lions, camels and all people as black as Pygmies and forest panthers? After Sahelians became less hairy they retained their fair skin because:

• Fair skin and hair are better camouflage than black in the golden grasses of the sunny savannah.
• Fair skin and hair reflect heat better than black does.

(Column # 4)

Column # 5

Why Doesn't Everyone Have Beautiful Fair Skin?

During the penultimate glaciation the patrilineal concestor of all men may have lived in a forested part of the Cameroons near the yellow star on image # 7 below. His dark, Bonobo-like hair camouflaged and protected his fair skin from cold, rainy weather (the skin of nearly all furry and feathered animals is no darker than a chicken's).

The body hair of mankind became less visible during the hot Eemian, so the skin of Pygmies and other races that continued to evolve in dark forests darkened for camouflage. According to the ridiculous Vitamin D theory of skin color, shouldn't the skin of Pygmies be the fairest, since "The rainforest canopy cut off almost all the ultraviolet light and prevented it from reaching the forest floor"?

Pygmies and every other race that has evolved since the Eemian under thick forest canopies (even in Europe) for tens of thousands of years have been exposed to less sunlight than Celtic farmers. Celts have fair skin because it reflects heat and is better camouflage in grasslands. Hg R & I hunter-gatherers migrated from the sunny Sahel to the sunny Fertile Crescent because of the droughts caused by the LGM, and became the world's first farmers, so their skin color never darkened for camouflage. Farmers need sunshine in order to grow crops, so their symbol of life & God became the sun (which they depicted as the cross that one sees when one squints at a light, e.g., a street light at night). Christians adopted the cross & many other aspects of the Aryan religion in order to make it easier for them to worship an Israelite.

Map # 7 - Some men who belong to Hg R left the Sahel during the LGM. Other clades of mankind left during 3 previous stadials.

Images of a fair skinned Bonobo & a Pygmy who lives in a dark forest & should be white according to Vitamin D theorists.

Bonobos need dark skin for camouflage only on the hairless parts of their bodies. Their bodies are fairer than the bodies of Pygmies and Bantus because their longer body hair provides all of the camouflage that they need. All three species evolved for over 100 KY in the dim all day twilight of Africa's equatorial rain forest. Would the soles and palms of Pygmies and Negroes be black for camouflage if they were as visible as the rest of their bodies?

Map # 8 - African Political Boundaries. Can you find Lake Chad?

Caveat

Only the bracketed [     ] comments below were written by Stewart.
According to http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml:

• "Hg R* originated in North Asia just before the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500-19,000 years ago)".
        [There is no evidence that people who belong to the Hg R patriline left the Sahel before they were forced to do so by the LGM. Hg R* originated in Hamitic hunter-gatherers of the Sahel, from which the LGM forced them to migrate. They were not numerous enough to defend themselves in parts of Africa and Eurasia that had already been populated by other territorial races, e.g., Mongoloids, Semites, Cr�-Magnons and Negroes, so they migrated via the Nile valley to the Fertile Crescent, where there was so little game that they had to harvest grass seed in order to survive, and eventually became farmers. After Semitic herdsmen began to raid, terrorize and enslave the farmers of the Fertile Crescent, most of them fled to the forests of Europe, took the land of the hybrid Cr�-Magnon/Neanderthal hunter gatherers who had survived the LGM there, and created the civilizations of southern Europe. The Aryans of southern Europe eventually interbred with the dark, cold-adapted Cr�-Magnon/Neanderthal hybrids, so they look different from the fair, heat-adapted Aryans of northern Europe. Semitic herdsmen wiped out nearly all Aryans who remained in the Fertile Crescent. Aryans who escaped from the Semites to Central Asia fled to the forests of northern Europe (where cattle starve) after their farms were attacked by the genocidal Mongoloid herdsmen of Central Asia. Northern Europe had been depopulated by the LGM, so hardly any miscegenation with Cr�-Magnon/Neanderthal hybrids occurred there.]
  
  
• "three main branches of R1b1 (R1b1a, R1b1b, R1b1c) all seem to have stemmed from the Middle East."
        [These patrilines may have formed before the ancestors of Aryans emigrated from the Sahel to the Fertile Crescent. See R Haplogroup YTree v5.02 in Column # 7 of this web page. R1b1a2 (PF6279/V88; previously known as R1b1c - see https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html) has been found in 95.5% of the Hamitic-speaking Ouldeme (who live near Lake Chad), and also in Western Asia and Southern Europe. Other subclades of R1b that remained in the Sahel did not live close enough to sources of water and game, e.g., Lake Chad, to survive droughts that lasted for thousands of years.]
  
  
• "It has been hypothetised that R1b people (perhaps alongside neighbouring J2 tribes) were the first to domesticate cattle in northern Mesopotamia some 10,500 years ago."
        [R1b & I (Aryan) hunter-gatherers became farmers (not herdsmen) because there was so little game for them to hunt in the Levant. After they learned how to irrigate their crops they were able to expand their civilization into Egypt and lastly into Mesopotamia. They were eventually discovered by Semitic shepherds who had migrated across the Mandeb Straits to the southwestern Arabian Peninsula in order to graze their livestock. After Semitic herdsmen began to terrorize and raid their farms, some farmers migrated to the forests of Europe, or became herdsmen themselves. Semitic herdsmen eventually enslaved the farmers of Mesopotamia, became their rulers, e.g., Sargon the Great, so some of them escaped to Europe and began creating Stonehenge and their civilizations there. See Dave Vance's R1b-L21-History-Timeline, which is based on Yfull's "Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor" (TMRCA) estimates.]

(Column # 5)

Column # 6

Chaldean and Hyksos Imperialists

The ancient Egyptians called the Semitic herdsmen (Hg J) who conquered them "Hyksos", a word that means "rulers of foreigh lands", i.e., "imperialists". The Semitic Hyksos conquered Egypt ~4 KYA and brutally oppressed the Hamitic farmers for centuries. According to the Jewish historian Josephus and the Judeo-Christian Bible, hundreds of thousands of Hebrews from the Sumerian city of Ur of the Chaldees were expelled from Egypt by Ahmose I (died ~1557 BC).

According to Wikipedia, "Semitic languages originated in Western Eurasia". "HG J (Semitic) is found in greatest concentration in the Southwestern Arabian Peninsula. Migration from Arabia into the Fertile Crescent has been a constant pattern of human movement in the Middle East since antiquity. As such, the Arabian peninsula has long been accepted as the original Semitic Urheimat by a majority of scholars. Older theories positing Mesopotamia as the Semitic homeland were severely undermined by the identification of the non-Semitic Sumerian culture in Mesopotamia in the late 19th century..." Censored quote from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Semitic_language&oldid=452079142#Homeland

Map # 9 above shows where Hg J is most frequent, i.e., from where in Africa it came, and that Semitic herdsmen migrated from the eastern Sahel across the Mandeb strait to southern Arabia, and conquered the Hamitic farmers of ancient Mesopotamia and Canaan. The adjacent image shows the fairer-skinned (bibically maligned) Hamitic (Celtic Hg R-M269 / R1b1a1a2) Egyptians being attacked in the Nile valley from all sides by the Semitic Hyksos. Evolution in the dark forests of eastern Africa caused Semites to have darker skin & frizzier hair. See the bottom right corner of Map # 16 (Column # 8).

"Some nomadic peoples, especially herders, may also move to raid settled communities ... This lifestyle ... is possibly associated with the appearance of Semitic languages in the region of the Ancient Near East."

"Historically nomadic herder lifestyles have led to warrior-based cultures that have made them fearsome enemies of settled people." "The nomadic lifestyle was well suited to warfare, and the steppe horse riders became some of the most militarily potent peoples in the world".

Wikipedia's racist censors deleted the above two quotes from its article about Nomadic Pastoralism, but they can be found via a search of its history.

I claim that Semitic languages originated in the part of the Sahel and forests that are between the southern Nile valley and the Red Sea, and that Semitic herdsmen spread them across the Mandeb Straits into Arabia and along the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia, where they first discovered the farmers' crops.

For thousands of years small bands of nomadic herdsmen on horseback, e.g., Genghis Khan, could escape with impunity after they invaded the homelands of farmers and terrorized, raped, massacred and plundered them.

According to ISOGG: "Y-DNA haplogroup J evolved in the ancient Near East and was carried into North Africa, Europe, Central Asia, Pakistan and India. J2 lineages originated in the area known as the Fertile Crescent. The main spread of J2 into the Mediterranean area is thought to have coincided with the expansion of agricultural peoples during the Neolithic period. The timing of the demographic events that brought J2 to Central Asia, Pakistan, and India is not yet known. J1 lineages may have a more southern origin, as they are more often found in the Levant region, other parts of the Near East, and North Africa, with a sparse distribution in the southern Mediterranean flank of Europe, and in Ethiopia."

Map # 10 - African origins of Semitic languages,     Map # 11 - Location of "Arabia",     Map # 12 - Location of "Western Asia"

Map # 13 - Location of "Southeast Asia"   Map # 14 - African origins of the Hamitc race & languages.   Map # 15 - Hg L3 Distribution in the Chad Basin.

Map # 13 above shows the location of Southeast Asia. The Hg R mutation "likely occurred in Southeast Asia" according to Karafet et al (2014). If Hamitic and Semitic are branches of the "Afro-Asiatic" language, must Hg J have originated in Southeast Asia and "back-migrated" to Africa too?

Map # 14 above shows from which part of the Sahel Hg R Hamitic herdsmen immigrated to the Fertile Crescent, and that some Hamitic hunter gatherers did not remain in the Fertile Crescent after they left the Sahel. Hg R1 is the second most common haplogroup among American Indians.

Map # 15 - "Undifferentiated haplogroup L3 is widely distributed, particularly in the Chad Basin." Drought forced the HG L3 ancestors of Mongoloids, Cr�-Magnons and Hamites (Aryans) to congregate in the vicinity of Lake Chad, and finally to migrate from the Sahel to Eurasia.

The information below is near the bottom of ISOGG's web page at https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html (italized text is mine):

• Y-DNA Hg R (M207) is believed to have arisen approximately 27,000 years ago in Asia (I claim in Africa). The two currently defined subclades of Hg R-M207 are R1-M173 and R2.
• R1-M173 is estimated to have arisen during the height of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 18,500 years ago, most likely in southwestern Asia (i.e., the Fertile Crescent?). The two most common descendant clades of R1 are R1a and R1b.
• R1a-M420 is believed to have arisen on the Eurasian Steppe or the Indus Valley, and today is most frequently observed in eastern Europe and in western and central Asia. R1a-M458 is found at frequencies approaching or exceeding 30% in Eastern Europe.
• R1b-M343 is believed to have arisen in southwest Asia (i.e., the Fertile Crescent?) and today its sublcades are bound in various distributions across Eurasia and Africa.
• Paragroup R1b1* and R1b1a2-V88 are found most frequently in SW Asia and Africa (i.e., the Sahel and around Lake Chad?). The African examples are almost entirely within R1b1a2 and are associated with the spread of Chadic languages.
• R1b1a1a-P297 is found throughout Eurasia. R1b-M73 is observed most frequently in Asia, with low frequency of observation in Europe. R1b-M269 is observed most frequently in Europe, especially western Europe, but with notable frequency in southwest Asia (i.e., the Fertile Crescent?. R1b-M269 hunter-gatherers became numerous after they became the first farmers in the Fertile Crescent, and fled to Europe during the Holocene because of droughts and the Semitic terrorist and herdsmen who migrated from Africa to south-eastern Arabia, and began to invade the Fertile Crescent about 6 KYA).
• R1b1a1a2-M269 is estimated to have arisen approximately 4,000 to 8,000 years ago in southwest Asia (the Fertile Crescent?) and to have spread into Europe from there. The Atlantic Modal Haplotype, or AMH, is the most common STR haplotype in R1b1a1a2a1a-L11/PF6539/S127 and most European R1b belongs to R1b1a1a2a1a1-M405/S21/U106 or R1b1a1a2a1a2-P312/PF6547/S116. The royal Stewart family belongs to the R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a1d1a L744/S388, L745/S463, L746/S310 patriline.
• R2-M479 is most often observed in Asia, especially on the Indian sub-continent and in central Asia.

(Column # 6)

Column # 7

Better versions of the April, 2017 version of Yfull's tree below are at: https://www.yfull.com/tree/R/. They show that:

• HG R-L278 M415/PF6251 formed 20400 years ago years ago (in the Sahel).
• R-L278 is the parent of siblings:
  • Hg L389, from which the Indo-Hittite speaking royal Stewart family descends.
  • Hg R-V88, from which the Chadic speaking Ouldeme descend.

Both of these siblings of R-L278 formed 17,100 ybp according to ISOGG (probably too long ago for there to be any linguistic evidence that their ancestors once spoke the same language).

Move your cursor over the 'years before present' (ybp), etc. to see:
* Pop-up estimates of when each SNP first occurred.
* How long ago the last common ancestor of members of each branch lived.
* The meaning of some of the abbreviations used.

Excerpts From Yfull's R Haplogroup YTree v5.03

• R F295/M685/PF6039/V3064 * L747/PF5918/YSC0000287/M702 * F82/M620/V1194+53 SNPs formed 31900 ybp, TMRCA 28200 ybp
  • R-Y482 Y482/PF6056/F459 * PF5919/F356/M703 * PF6040/YSC179/FGC1168+1 SNPs formed 28200 ybp, TMRCA 28200 ybp
    • R-Y482*
    • R1 P245/PF6117 * M781/PF6145 * PF6119+62 SNPs formed 28200 ybp, TMRCA 22800 ybp
      • R1*
      • R1a PF6222/F3364/M794 * CTS12321 * PF6233/F3570+99 SNPs formed 22800 ybp, TMRCA 18400 ybp
      • R1b M343/PF6242 * PF6246/V1532 * L506/PF6267+25 SNPs formed 22800 ybp, TMRCA 20400 ybp.
    • R2 Y3316/FGC12715 * Y7758/FGC22569 * FGC22601/Y7742+165 SNPs formed 28200 ybp, TMRCA 16500 ybp

• R1 P245/PF6117 * M781/PF6145 * PF6119+62 SNPs formed 28200 ybp, TMRCA 22800 ybp
  • R1b M343/PF6242 * PF6246/V1532 * L506/PF6267+25 SNPs formed 22800 ybp, TMRCA 20400 ybp
    • R-L278 M415/PF6251 * L278 formed 20400 ybp, TMRCA 18700 ybp
      • R-PH155 BY14387 * BY14350 * PH4622+65 SNPs formed 18700 ybp, TMRCA 7400 ybp
        • R-PH155*
        • R-M335 M335
          • id:YF08551
        • R-PH200 PH200
          • id:YF05838 BHR (Bahrain)
      • R-L754 CTS8436/PF6259 * CTS3063/V2515/F1811 * L761/PF6258/YSC0000266+16 SNPs formed 18700 ybp, TMRCA 17100 ybp. The Hamitic patriline of the royal Stewarts & Sahelian Ould�m�.
        • R-V88 (R1b1a2) Z30230/Y7770 * V88/PF6279 * PF6332+59 SNPs formed 17100 ybp, TMRCA 11700 ybp. The Ould�m� descend from this Sahelian branch of the Hamitic patriline.
          • R-V88*
            • id:YF07201
        NOTE: According to "Human Y chromosome Hg R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages." at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20051990 . "The R-V88 coalescence time was estimated at 9.2-5.6 kya [corrected] , in the early mid Holocene. We SUGGEST that R-V88 is a paternal genetic record of the proposed mid-Holocene migration of proto-Chadic Afroasiatic speakers through the Central Sahara into the Lake Chad Basin, and geomorphological evidence is consistent with this view."
        • R-L389 L389/PF6531 * L388/PF6468 formed 17100 ybp, TMRCA 16800 ybp. The royal Stewarts descend from this Celtic branch of the Hamitic patriline.
          • R-P297 YSC0000269/PF6475/S17 * PF6498 * L752/PF6483+34 SNPs formed 16800 ybp, TMRCA 13300 ybp
            • R-M269 CTS11468/PF6520 * PF6437 * PF6419/CTS623+102 SNPs formed 13300 ybp, TMRCA 6500 ybp
              • R-L23 PF6404 * L478/PF6403 * L23/S141/PF6534 formed 6500 ybp, TMRCA 6200 ybp
                • R-L51 L51/M412/S167/PF6536 * PF6535 * CTS10373/PF6537/FGC39+2 SNPs formed 6200 ybp, TMRCA 5800 ybp
                  • R-L151 P310/S129/PF6546 * YSC0000191/PF6543/S1159 * L52/PF6541+9 SNPs formed 5800 ybp, TMRCA 4900 ybp
                    • R-L21 Z290/S461 * L21/M529/S145 * L459+3 SNPs formed 4400 ybp, TMRCA 4400 ybp
                      • R-DF13 CTS8221/Z2542 * DF13/S521/CTS241 formed 4400 ybp, TMRCA 4300 ybp
                        • R-CTS2501 CTS2501/S836 * Y2368/FGC7999 * FGC8000/Y2370+5 SNPs formed 4300 ybp, TMRCA 4000 ybp
                          • R-S775 S775 * A475 * Y5844/FGC34916 +4 SNPs formed 4000 ybp, TMRCA 4000 ybp
                            • R-L744 S790 * Y5845 * S791 +22 SNPs formed 4000 ybp, TMRCA 650 ybp → (R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a1d1a)
                              • R-L744*/S388, L745/S463, L746/S310
                                • id:YF05851 USA [US-VA]
                                • id:YF04357 SCT
                                • id:YF03673 SCT
                                • id:YF03554 SCT
                                • id:YF02447
                                • id:YF02086 GBR [GB-DBY]
                                • id:YF02025
                                • id:YF01975
                              • R-Y4954 Z17581/Y4954 formed 650 ybp, TMRCA 650 ybp
                                • R-Y4954*
                                  • id:YF01793
                                • R-Y15896 Y15896 formed 650 ybp, TMRCA 650 ybp
                                  • id:YF03552
                                  • id:YF01546 GBR
                              • R-Y14197 Y14197 formed 650 ybp, TMRCA 500 ybp
                                • R-Y14197*
                                  • id:YF05155
                                • R-Y14198 Y14198 formed 500 ybp, TMRCA 325 ybp
                                  • id:YF02294 SCT
                              • R-S781 S781 formed 650 ybp, TMRCA 550 ybp. info. (R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a1d1a1)
                                • R-S781*. A mutation that occurrs only in descendants of Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll, e.g., King James I of England..
                                  • id:YF08120 SCT
                                  • id:YF06827 ENG
                                  • id:YF05289
                                  • id:YF03473
                                  • id:YF02682
                                  • id:YF02561
                                  • id:YF02406
                                  • id:YF02381 GBR [GB-ANT] (See 143035's MRTS in the pink column of the S781 tree in Column # 8).
                                  • id:YF02313
                                  • id:YF02184
                                • R-A306 A308 * A306 * A309+1 SNPs formed 550 ybp, TMRCA 200 ybp
                                  • id:YF03362
                                  • id:YF01691
                                • R-A5024 Y29911 * A5024 formed 550 ybp, TMRCA 550 ybp
                                  • id:YF07865 SCT
                                  • id:YF02955
                                • R-Y11635 A889/Y11635 formed 550 ybp, TMRCA 300 ybp
                                  • id:YF02698
                                  • id:YF02080
                                • R-A922 A922 formed 550 ybp, TMRCA 250 ybp
                                  • R-A922*
                                    • id:YF02972
                                  • R-Y14048 Y14048 * A921/Y14230 formed 250 ybp, TMRCA 50 ybp
                                    • id:YF08182 SCT
                                    • id:YF03242
                                    • id:YF02179

(Column # 7)

Column # 8, Map # 16

We thank DF41 Cousin Larry Walker for:

• The DF41 (CTS2501) SNP Formation Timelines table below, which includes the SNP names of nine Stewart branches plus some of the other DF41 branches that are shown in the table at https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-CTS2501/.
• His searchable DF41 STR tree at http://rangebiome.org/DF41STR.pdf , which includes the kit numbers of most of the y- STR-tested members of FTDNA's DF41 and royal Stewart projects.
• Helping to administer FTDNA's royal Stewart and DF41 projects.

Column # 9

We thank royal Stewart project administrator Desideriu for the R-S781 SNP tree at http://www.s781.org/allsnps.html and for the S781 phylogenetic tree below. They show the branches to which the descendants of Sir John STEWART of Bonkyll belong.

Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b

Hg R1b formed 22800 ybp according to Yfull, i.e., during the LGM. The concestor of the royal Stewarts and the Chadic speaking Ould�m� (Hg V88) belonged to Hg R-L754 (formed 18700 ybp).
He probably lived in the Sahel instead of Anatolia (contrary to Eupedia's tree below). Some undiscovered branches of haplogroups R1b and R-L754 may never have left the Sahel. Few survived the drought caused by the LGM.
The R1b-L21 phylogenetic tree below shows that Stewart haplogroups L746 and S781 are downstream of L21/M529 and SNP S775 (shown with a pink background in the tree below).

Row # 2, Column # 1

The Goal of This Project's Administrators

We want to help each member of this project to discover as CHEAPLY as possible the branches via which he descends from our common ancestor Walter FitzAllan, so that he can:

• Know exactly who else belongs on his own branches, and how his branches are genetically related to all of the other branches of mankind.
• Be positioned on phylogenetic trees like Alex Williamson's at http://www.ytree.net/DisplayTree.php?blockID=86 , and those displayed on this web page.

Our goal can not be achieved unless the Most Recent TERMINAL SNPs (MRTS) of at least one MALE member of each branch of our agnatic family is discovered via an NGS test, e.g., Big Y. Administrator Desideriu displays the MRTS of over twenty Big Y tested descendants of the Bonkyll branch of our Stewart family on his S781 phylogenetic trees, e.g., at http://www.s781.org/allsnps.html .

Big Y is the ONLY DNA test sold by FTDNA via which a man can discover the unique mutation(s) that ONLY members of his own branch (e.g., all of his own descendants, or those of his fifth great-grandfather) have. According to Steve St. Clair, Big Y is the "last test that you have to take with FTDNA. See his posts.

Some members of this Stewart family were tested only for SNP R-M269 (Hg R1b1a1a2). All of them belong to Hg R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a1d1a, and test positive for the following three SNPs : L744/S388, L745/S463, L746/S310.

Y-SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) are 100% PROOF of ancestry. Guessing which y-STR (Short Tandem Repeat) marker values indicate to which branch distantly related cousins belong is almost impossible unless one knows one's Terminal SNP(s), and sometimes even if one does.

Unfortunately, FTDNA does not allow one to order Big Y and other SNP tests unless one first purchases at least a $59.00 Y-DNA12 STR test (from which a Big Y tester may never benefit), e.g., by scrolling down at this link or by telephoning FTDNA at 713-868-1438 Monday - Thursday 9 am to 4:30 pm CST or Friday 9 am to noon. A Big Y test can not be ordered until one's first STR test has been batched (possibly a couple days or a week after FTDNA receives one's sample, hopefully in time to benefit from a sale).

Discount Coupons

You may be able to find a discount coupon via the Internet, e.g., Big Y coupons worth up to $125 off were displayed via the spreadsheet at https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CgXRKz2TySvRqSInveSIYoslO7yexAc9d-BzpNhaY1c/edit#gid=1338933495 during a sale that began before Thanksgiving and ended on December 31, 2016. Some of us paid only $425 for our Big Y tests, and even less if we received assistance from our General Fund.

Individual SNP Tests

$18.00 DNA tests, e.g., for SNPs S310, S781, Y14197, etc. can prove with 100% certainty whether or not a man is a patrilineal descendant of the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland, and to which known branches of this family he belongs. To which UNKNOWN branches of our patrilineal family distantly related cousins belong can be discovered ONLY via a relatively expensive NGS test.

Individual Y-SNP tests cost less than y-DNA12 STR tests, and are far more reliable indicators of ancestry than ambiguous off-modal STR marker values and "Genetic Distance" (GD). E.g., the y-STR111 GD between brothers 5987 and 16895 is two. The y-STR67 GD between fourth cousins 143035 and 199984 is also two. The y-STR67 GD between about ten Stewarts whose common ancestor lived about 800 years ago is ZERO.

Why Identify Members of Your Own Branch?

The seventeenth century patrilineal ancestors of most members of this project have not been identified yet. Those who have the same MRTS belong to the same branch of our patrilineal family and can help each other to break through their genealogical "brick walls" from several directions instead of from only one! The MORE members of a branch discover their Terminal SNP(s) and ~500 y-STR marker values, the more likely they will be able to identify their Last Common Patrilineal Ancestor (LCPA), e.g., a descendant of Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll who lived only a few generations ago. This is one of the reasons that FTDNA's following projects have offered to use their General Funds to help their members to pay for their Big Y tests, e.g., if they tested positive for:

• SNP S781 - See https://www.familytreedna.com/public/R-S781/default.aspx?section=ycolorized.
• SNPs Y14197 or Y14198 - See https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Stewart-Bute/default.aspx?section=ycolorized .
• Any other SNP that is downstream of S310 (R-L744, L745 & L746) - See http://www.ytree.net/DisplayTree.php?blockID=86 .

Click here to see the list of those who contributed to our General Fund (near the bottom of this web page).

Why Buy DNA Tests?

Some of us would rather understand from whom we inherited the precious genes that have influenced every aspect of our lives and civilization, and the behavior of our race for hundreds of thousands of years, than for our heirs to gamble our money on lottery tickets, or to spend it on senseless entertainments and addictive drugs like alcohol and tobacco. Learn how to help those genes make a family great via better nutrition in one minute by clicking here.

"We have conducted a meta-analysis of virtually all twin studies published in the past 50 years, on a wide range of traits and reporting on more than 14 million twin pairs across 39 different countries. Our results provide compelling evidence that all human traits are heritable: not one trait had a weighted heritability estimate of zero." VOLUME 47 | NUMBER 7 | JULY 2015 Nature Genetics

Our close family members, distant cousins and future generations can continue our work when we are no longer able to do so.

(Column # 1)

Column # 2

SNPs Are The BEST Proof Of Ancestry

Big Y, etc. SNP tests are incomparably better than SNP Pack, Y-DNA111 STR tests, etc. no matter what they cost. Our General Fund will gladly pay for the NGS tests of the descendants of King Charles II and other aristocratic members of this Stewart family who have trustworthy pedigrees if their results are made public. The University of Stratclyde has been most helpful in this regard. Knowing when their SNPS first occurred, e.g., S768, may help some of their unaristocratic cousins to learn more about their own ancestors.

Some descendants of Charles II and everyone listed in the S781 phylogenetic tree at the top of Column # 9 tested positive for SNP S781. They therefore have 100% proof that they descend from Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll (c1245 - 1298), the ninth great grandfather of King James I of England, and that at least one of their ancestors was more closely related to King James than Sir John was.

According to FTDNA and the results of their Y-67 STR tests below, there is a 95% probabilty that the LCPA of 143035) and Duke # 39568 lived about 510 years ago (1507 AD), and that their LCPA may have therefore been been John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox (c. 1490 - 1526), the great-grandfather of James I of England. See Table # 5 below. How credible is such information if it is based only on the results of their STR tests?

The GD between duke #39568 and Robert "Robin" STEWART (1785 - 1865) of Stover Creek, SC is only 3, if his y-STR haplotype included only the three off-modal BRANCH STR marker values that his two gggGrandsons (4th cousins 199984 and 143035) have in common. If so, according to FTDNA's estimates and Table # 8 below, there is a 95% probablilty that the LCPA of Duke #39568 and Robert lived about 450 years ago (1567 AD), and may have therefore been a legitimate or illegitimate son, nephew or patrilineal cousin of the aforesaid Earl or his siblings, e.g., Duke of Albany Henry Stuart (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567), a manly great-grandson of King Henry 7th of England, and the second husband and first cousin of Scottish Queen Mary Stuart. 100% proof would require a comparison of their most recent Terminal SNPs.

STR Tests

Relying on STR tests instead of on SNP tests is like eating junk instead of more nutritious foods. You'll be better off and save money in the long run if you choose the latter.

Since SNPs indicate ancestry far more reliably than the y-STR marker values of most members of this project can, we recommend that their Terminal SNPs be discovered via a Big Y or another NGS test FIRST. If one orders a $339.00 Y-DNA111 STR test instead of a Big Y test first, one may end up paying TWICE for about a hundred mostly ambiguous y-STR marker values ! One may prefer to use the hundreds of dollars saved to pay for autosomal DNA tests for three more members of one's family.

CAVEAT EMPTOR. Why do almost all of FTDNA's unpaid project administrators encourage members of their projects to order expensive y-STR and SNP PACK tests via which NO new branches of our patriline can be discovered, BEFORE they order Big Y tests? Do they think that we are too penny wise and pound foolish to pay about $100 more for a far better product? You may benefit from the results of an NGS test an order of magnitude more than from the results of SNP PACK and expensive Y-DNA111, etc. STR tests.

Why does FTDNA report one's Terminal SNPs but NOT the ~500 STR marker values that can be obtained only via an analysis of the results of a Big Y (or any other NGS) test? Are 500 STR marker values too much of a good thing, or less useful than only 111? Colorized Table #1 below shows that:
    * ALL of the marker values that are included in our Y-DNA111 tests except DYS 447 may be included in the results of our Big Y and other NGS tests (click here and wait at least 20 seconds for more proof).
    * About 500 y-STR marker values are over four times as useful as only 111 (a critical difference).

FTDNA did not report the ~500 Y-STR marker values that are displayed in Table #1 below even though they were discovered via an analysis of 143035's (my) Big Y test. In order to obtain them I had to pay $49 (less than $.10 per marker value instead of over $3.00 each) to a company that FTDNA's projects turn to for Big Y analysis, but which they are not allowed to promote. I persuaded this aforesaid company to generate colorized ~500 Y-STR marker value comparison tables because manually creating error-free versions of them was so difficult.

John Cleary's three videos about "Using SNP Testing & STRs To Enhance A Genetic Genealogy Research Project" explain why I (with the help of the aforesaid company) created the ~500 y-STR comparison table below, and the more elaborately colorized version at http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~stewartroyal/index.html#ta2. If you avoid scrolling, etc. for at least twenty seconds after you click on this link you will see a ~500 y-STR marker value comparison table that includes about sixteen NGS tested descendants of Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll.  Their STR marker values MAY or may not help us to GUESS to which branch etc. some of them belong. If too few SNPs were discovered via one's Big Y tests, one may discover additional useful SNPs via a more expensive NGS test).

After all twenty of the descendants of Sir John who are listed in Administrator Desideriu's S781 phylogentic tree have Yfull IDs, I intend to add their ~500 y-STR marker values to my comparison tables. Those whose NGS test results have not been analyzed yet can not be included in a reliable phylogenetic tree.

Columns # 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are not about DNA tests. They are about the African origin of the ancestors of this Stewart and all other branches of mankind, etc.

(Column # 2)

Column # 3

When did the Royal Stewart Patriline Leave the African Sahel?

Hg R formed or arose 31,900 years before present (ybp) according to Yfull's R Haplogroup YTree v5.03 (see Column # 7). It arose 27,000 years ago in Southeast Asia according to Wikipedia. I claim that Haplogroups R and R-L754 (to which both the royal Stewarts and R-V88 Ould�m� belong) first occurred in the Sahel, not in Eurasia. See Column # 8.

The Ould�m� speak Wuzlam, a branch of the Chadic branch of the Hamitic language. They still live in the part of the African Sahel near Lake Chad from which the Hamitic ancestors of the Hittites, Canaanites, Kassites,  ancient Egyptians, etc. and ALL Indo-European, a.k.a., Indo-Hittite, speaking nations migrated because of the desication caused by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).

According to the "R Haplogroup YTree v5.03" in Column # 7 (see the red font), and at https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-L754/:

• The LCPA of the royal Stewarts, the Ould�m� and other Hamitic speaking tribes of the Sahel test positive for SNP R-L754 (Hg R1b1a).
• Royal Stewarts belong to the R1b1a1 branch of R-L754.
• Ould�m� belong to the Hg R1b1a2 (see https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html), a.k.a. the PF6279/V88 branch of R-L754, which is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, Central and Western Asia, and other parts of northern Africa.
• The mutation known as R-L754 is estimated to have first occurred in a man who lived 18,700 ybp, i.e., before the Hamitic (a.k.a. Kebaran and Natufian) ancestors of the Stewarts, etc. migrated from the Sahel across the Sahara desert (which is as large as the USA) via the Nile basin to the Fertile Crescent. The inhabitants of Africa's equatorial rain forest, and the Semites (Hg J) who controlled access from the Sahel to the Mandeb straits would have turned back or killed any foreigner who attempted to enter their territory to spy, poach, or for ANY other reason, even if they spoke similar languages.

According to Cruciani and others at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987365/: "If the presence of R1b chromosomes in Africa was not because of a back migration, we would have to assume that all the mutations that connect M9 with V88 in the MSY phylogeny (>50 mutations) originated in Africa. Under this scenario, we should assume that all the K-M9 lineages that are now found outside sub-Saharan Africa have survived extinction, whereas those which should have accumulated in Africa are now extinct (with the exception of T-M70 and R-V88) ..." I claim that periodic stadials caused droughts that exterminated most of the Sahelians who did not immigrate to Eurasia.

According to the erroneous back migration of Hg R1b1a2 to the Sahel theory, the Ould�m� migrated from eastern Eurasia (see Map # 13 in Column # 6) to near Lake Chad "during the early mid Holocene" 10-5 thousand years ago (KYA), and the patriline to which all Aryans and the R-V88 Ould�m� belong arose in Asia. Would the far-fetched back migration theory apply to Semites too, if Hamitic languages were "Afro-Asiatic, i.e., more closely related to Semitic than Indo-European languages are? Semitic herdsmen had no reason to enslave, rape, exterminate and impose their languages on the Hamites of ancient Canaan, etc. until after Aryans became productive farmers (see maps # 9 & # 10 in Column # 6).

Has Egypt's Semitic government tried to keep the DNA test results of the ancient Egyptians top secret in order to cover up the genocide and enslavement of Hamitic farmers by Semites (see Column # 6)? Can obfuscation of this holocaust and the true history of the Aryan race (taboo even amongst Christians) for political, religious, etc. reasons ever be stopped? Some racists have contrived history to suit their own paranoid political agendas.

Royal Stewarts belong to Celtic Hg R-M269 (R1b1a1a2, known previously as R1b1a2). Hamitic Pharaoh Tutankhamun (~1333 BC) did too, according to  Swiss scientists who work at iGENEA (FTDNA's European affiliate). Some scientists do not like to admit that Tutankhamun and the ancient Egyptians, etc. belonged to the Hamitic, a.k.a., Aryan race.

The Ancient Egyptians belonged to the Hamitic race according to the Table of Nations, and spoke a Hamitic language. If Hamitic & Semitic belonged to the same language family, all Indo-European languages would be "Afro-Asiatic" too.

The African Origins of All Eurasians

Eurasia was populated by immigants from the African Sahel according to the mitochondrial DNA Map # 2 at the top of column # 4, and the "Out of Africa" theory at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans. The common hunter-gatherer ancestors of all Eurasians evolved in the Sahel for tens of thousands of years, and once spoke the same language. The Sahel extends from the Atlantic ocean to the Red Sea according to Map # 1 at the top of Column # 4.

Stadials that lasted thousands of years occurred every twenty or thirty thousand years during the last glaciation due to Milankovitch cycles. Four stadials caused four major long lasting droughts in the Sahel, and killed nearly all of the Sahelians and their game except where water was more plentiful, e.g., near Lake Chad. Each stadial was followed by an interstadial during which the predator and prey populations of the Sahel fully recovered.

Some hunter gatherers migrated from the Sahel to Eurasia during each of these four stadials. Each group of migrants settled in a different part of Eurasia, where it was completely isolated from other members of its species for so long that it became a separate territorial race or species of mankind, e.g., the Australoids, Mongoloids, Semites (Hg J), Cr�-Magnons, Indo-Europeans or Aryans (haplogroups R & I), etc. (most biologists practically define a "species" as a population of organisms that are GENETICALLY more similar to each other than they are to members of other genepools).

The first stadial caused the least severe drought. It occurred about 106 KYA and caused the concestors of the Australoids to leave Africa. Neanderthals inhabited Europe so Australoids settled in the wonderful forests of eastern Asia. They were nearly exterminated by a volcanic eruption about 70 KYA, shortly before the concestors of the Mongoloid race migrated from the Sahel and drove the Australoids to the fringes of Asia (see map # 6 in column # 4, & map # 7).

The starving, heat-adapted ancestors of Cr�-Magnons migrated from the Sahel to Europe during the third stadial, possibly across the Mediterranean via round boats (they had branches and animal hides). Europe became so warm shortly thereafter that cold adapted Neanderthals could not compete with them, and became extinct by about 30 KYA.

Refugees from Sahelian droughts had to travel north across the huge Saharan desert. For refugees to invade the territory of an established race was almost impossible. Dark skinned hunter-gatherers who evolved in Africa's equatoreal forests killed Sahelians who traveled south. The fiercely territorial Semites who inhabited the part of the Sahel and forests that are east of the Nile killed Sahelians who tried to cross the Mandeb straits (the easiest way out of Africa). See Maps # 9 & 10 in Column # 6.

R1b and I (Aryan) patrilines and their civilization owe their existence to the hardy Hamitic explorers who traveled on foot down the western side of the parasite infested Nile river for thousands of miles through the Sahara desert to the Fertile Crescent during the worst drought that occurred during the last glaciation. Some may have had to cross the Sahara several times in order rescue members of their beloved families who were healthy enough to survive that dangerous trek. From the beginning of the LGM until the domestication of the camel about 5 KYA it was almost impossible to cross the Sahara from the Sahel to the Fertile Crescent or vice versa, even with livestock.

Stewart's Stadial Theory of the Origins of Eurasian Haplogroups. Copyright (c)

• All of the races of mankind that belong to a branch of mitochondrial Hg L3 left Africa's equatorial rain forest after the penultimate glaciation, and evolved for many tens of thousands of years in the Sahel before they left Africa (see Map # 15 in Column # 6 and Map # 2 in Column # 4). The longer a race evolved in the Sahel, the more droughts it survived, and the more heat-adapted and Aryan looking it became, e.g., slender, tall, and less hairy. Fair skin and hair reflect heat (spacewalkers wear white suits, not black). Blood that circulates close to the surface of skin makes it look pink, and cools the body faster. Dolichocephalic heads help cool the brains of Aryans, who sweat more profusely than other races. See "cold and heat adaptations in humans".
• Four stadials (droughts) of increasing intensity occurred during the last glaciation. Each stadial forced part of the Hg L3 population to migrate from the Sahel, and settle in a different part of Eurasia, where it became a separate territorial race or species, and a separate subclade of Hg L3.
• The last stadial, a.k.a., the LGM, was the coldest and driest. It occurred between 26,500 and 19,000 years ago. The Sahara was hyper-arid about 23�14.5 kya. This drought nearly exterminated the part of the Hamitic race (Hg R1b and I) that remained in the Sahel, and forced part of it to migrate from the vicinity of Lake Chad to the Fertile Crescent.
• Chadic, Hittite and all Indo-European languages are branches of a Hamitic language that was spoken in the Sahel by the R1b and I patrilines before the LGM.
• After Semitic herdsmen migrated across the Mandeb straits to Arabia and began to terrorize, enslave and exterminate the Hamites of the Fertile Crescent, the Neolithic farmers fled to Anatolia, and from there by boat to the Pyrennes, and by land to Central Asia (Mongoloid herdsmen motivated some of them to seek refuge in the forests of northern Europe). See maps in columns # 4, 5, 6 & 8.

(Column # 3)