The Road to Sand Creek -
November 29th, 1864.
The road to Sand Creek has been a personal journey for me for what some might call an odd reason. Back in 1961, when my Dad brought home Stan Hoig's book, The Sand Creek Massacre, hot off the presses, I read it from cover to cover as soon as he was finished with it. It was the first time I'd ever seen anything in print about a member of the Wynkoop family. I was 11 years old. Ned Wynkoop and this story of treachery and perfidy made a lasting impression on me.
The next time I heard about Sand Creek was when I read Dee Brown's wonderfully eloquent and moving book Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West; boy, that man could write! It was his book that awoke in me the passion to learn more about what really happened at Sand Creek on November 29th, 1864. I wanted to understand how events had been allowed to build up back then, in the pressure-cooker that was the Wild West, until the ensuing massacre was almost inevitable.
I say almost because I think it was avoidable, unlike the later, and more tragic Battle of the Washita, which took place four years later, almost to the day. I've put up a webpage detailing many of the events that led up to that event, taken mostly from contemporary newspaper accounts and the occasional reminiscence.
If you've ever driven through Texas, New Mexico or Arizona, one of the first things that strikes you, beyond its stark beauty, is how big the horizon is, and how far you can see on a clear day. It's simply breathtaking. The events leading up to the Battle of the Washita are exactly like that. If you read the newspaper accounts in chronological order you'll get the feeling that something huge and nasty is coming; and coming soon. You can feel the electricity in the air and smell the ozone, like an approaching thunderstorm on a hot summer day. There's nothing you can do about it but batten down the hatches and pray. That same feeling seems to have overwhelmed the Colorado Territory in the years between 1865 and 1868.
When you read about the events that led up to the Sand Creek massacre you don't get that same feeling. Yes, the Native Americans and the settlers were butting heads and deaths occurred on both sides, but the number of settlers was still small and there should have been time for both parties to come to some sort of understanding. The problem was that a small handful of people, like Governor John Evans, William N. Byers, Major-General Samuel R. Curtis and Colonel John M. Chivington had an agenda of their own, and it didn't include placating the Plains Indians. Each of these men had political ambitions and I believe they used the Indian depredations of the time to stoke their campaigns in a bid for election to office in Washington, D.C. Byers, owner and publisher of the Rocky Mountain News, used rumor and innuendo to make sure the public was kept well informed about the latest Indian outrages, regardless of how true they were. He and the publishers of the Missouri Democrat and the Leavenworth Republican fanned those flames high, drowning out the protests of the more liberal papers of the times, such as the Daily Kansas State Journal and some of the Eastern papers like the New York Herald and the New York Times. For them, evil had a red skin and a painted face and extermination was the only way to ensure the safety of the so-called "white" settlers, (even though it included large groups of African-Americans and Mexicans.)
Into the midst of all this stepped Major Edward Wanshaer Wynkoop of the First Colorado Volunteer Cavalry, youngest son of John Wanshaer Wynkoop and great-grandson of Judge Henry Wynkoop of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Ned, as he was familiarly known, was as rabid an Indian hater as anyone in the Colorado Territory, until something changed him.
September 1864 would prove to be a crucial month for him. At the beginning of the month his standing orders were to shoot down any Indians that approached Fort Lyon. Then on September 4th, three Indians were allowed to approach the fort, One-Eye and his wife and another Cheyenne, named Minimic or Eagle's Eye. They presented Ned with Black Kettle's letter to Indian Agent S. G. Colley, offering peace and a chance to recover some white captives the Cheyennes were holding. He took a gamble and met with the Cheyenne chiefs at their village around the 10th of September, a feat which Black Kettle's brother, White Antelope, later said, "was like going through a strong fire, or blast, for Major Wynkoop's men to come to our camp." By the time September 28th arrived, when the Chiefs met with Governor Evans at Camp Weld, south of Denver, Ned had had an apotheosis. A change of heart overtook him on the plains and his life would never be the same.
For me, it's this man's change of heart that keeps me coming back to Sand Creek, year after year, not the brutality and the atrocities committed on that long-ago November morn. For one brief moment hope flickered in the breasts of mortal enemies.
In the aftermath of the massacre, Ned proved that one man could stand up to all the shouting and rabble-rousing that the military and the press could pour out. It wasn't an easy or popular thing to do, but someone had to do it, and Ned stepped up to the plate and shouldered the burden for a few years. He was vilified by the Western press, and shunned at home in Denver, but he managed to rise above it.
He was the kind of man who seemed to do his best work under pressure and this was no exception. It's been said that he, single-handedly, was responsible for the peace of 1866 that settled over the plains after Sand Creek Massacre. Would that he had started earlier.
I won't ask you to enjoy what you're about to read here. This is pretty grim stuff in places. But I would ask you to keep an open mind about the events leading up to Sand Creek and take the time to form your own opinion. You may be surprised by what you decide.
Chris
Organization of the Troops in the Department of the Missouri, as of December 31, 1862.
According to return dated December 20th, 1862, Major Wynkoop is in command of the garrison at Colorado City.
Major Wynkoop is in command...
From the Weekly Commonwealth and Republican, Denver, Colorado, Thursday, 30 April, 1863.
Skirmish with Indians at Grand Pass, Idaho.
Report by Col. J. M. Chivington and Captain Asaph Allen, Ninth Kansas Cavalry regarding July 7th, 1863 incident.
The Indian Expedition.
Copies of orders and instructions relating to the Indian expedition sent in aid of General Connor.
Multum in Parvo.
From the Weekly Commonwealth and Republican, Denver, Colorado, Thursday, 23 July, 1863.
Maj. Wynkoop ordered to punish marauding Ute Indians.
Report by Col. J. M. Chivington regarding this Indian expedition, dated August 7, 1863.
Maj. Wynkoop's Report on the Indian Expedition.
Report to Col. J. M. Chivington regarding the expedition to punish marauding Ute Indians, dated August 13, 1863.
Major Wynkoop Arrives.
Maj. Wynkoop arrives in Central City, Colorado, from the Central City Tri-Weekly Miners' Register, 24 September, 1863.
Action at Big Bushes, near Smoky Hill, Kansas.
Lieutenant Eayre has had a fight with the Cheyenne Indians. Black Kettle is dead.
The Cheyennes are establishing a large camp in the vicinity of Camp Wynkoop.
If they are a portion of the party of Cheyennes who have committed the depredations, Maj. Wynkoop will use the proper means to punish them.
The Great Flood in Denver.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Monday, 23 May, 1864.
The Flood--Its Extent.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Monday, 23 May, 1864.
From Denver East.
From the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 25 May, 1864.
City Items.
From the Weekly Commonwealth and Republican, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 25 May, 1864.
Military Order.
From the Weekly Commonwealth and Republican, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 25 May, 1864.
The Indian War.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Friday, 27 May, 1864.
Governor John Evans anticipates the gathering storm.
Information in regard to the dangers to which Colorado settlements are subjected from hostile Indians.
Received no information from Lieutenant Eayre since 1st of May.
Rumored he had a fight with Cheyennes on Smoky Hill, and badly cut up.
Break up whisky selling to the Indians.
Send a company or two to Wilson's camp, whenever re-enforcements are in reach of you.
J. S. Maynard is somewhat fearful for Lieut. Eayre's safety.
Maj. Wynkoop will send the two sections of the battery right on to Larned to receive their armament at that post.
Lieut. Shoup is to send 15 men to Smoky Hill to obtain what information may be had.
If you send party to Smoky Hill inform them that it is indispensable to be vigilant.
Lieut. Wilson reports a body of Texans approaching Fort Lyon.
June 3rd, 1864.
Capt. Gray details his arduous trip from Ft. Garland to a camp 5 miles above the crossing of the Huerfano.
June 3rd, 1864.
Correspondence in relation to defense against hostile Indians.
Sent by Governor John Evans, June 3rd, 1864. Including further details of Lieutenant Eayre's skirmish with the Indians at Big bushes.
Lieut. Colonel Sam. F. Tappan receives orders to make a forced march to Fort Lyon.
Lieutenant Eayre's command has all been killed by the Indians.
Major Colley is to feed and support all the friendly Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians at Fort Lyon.
Instructions from Governor John Evans, dated June 6, 1864.
Indian Difficulties at the Smoky Hill River.
Although Topeka needs protection, other, more pressing matters have claimed Major-General Curtis's time and attention.
Cattle running loose and wild invite irregularities in the Indian Trade and Bushwhackers into the country now abandoned.
Major-General Curtis has found Indian trade regulations entirely beyond the control of his slender, attenuated lines.
The Kiowas and Cheyennes are determined on war.
However, the Comanches and Apaches seem determined to be at peace.
A party of Indians ran off stock on Coal Creek.
Also the Indians drove off Mr. Van Wormer's stock, burned his house, and murdered a man who was in Mr. Van W.'s employ, his wife, and two children.
Indians have commenced depredations on Coal Creek.
Pursue and punish these thieves, and instruct the officer in command not to encumber himself with any prisoners (Indians).
A Horrible Sight!
From the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver City, Colorado Territory, Wednesday, 15 June, 1864.
Alarmed.
From the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver City, Colorado Territory, Wednesday, 22 June, 1864.
Don't Believe Them.
From the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver City, Colorado Territory, Wednesday, 22 June, 1864.
Coroner's Inquest.
From the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver City, Colorado Territory, Wednesday, 22 June, 1864.
Indian Depredations.
From the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver City, Colorado Territory, Wednesday, 22 June, 1864.
A Card to the Public.
From the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver City, Colorado Territory, Wednesday, 22 June, 1864.
Fort Lyon Correspondence.
From the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver City, Colorado Territory, Wednesday, 22 June, 1864.
From the Daily of Tuesday, 21st.
Jim Beckwourth offers an opinion, from the Weekly Commonwealth, Denver City, Colorado Territory, Wednesday, 22 June, 1864.
The Denver Scout.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Friday, 24 June, 1864.
To the Friendly Indians of the Plains:
Governor John Evans' circular. This is what prompted Black Kettle to get in touch with Maj. Wynkoop and Indian Agent S. G. Colley.
Maj. Wynkoop's report regarding the movements of an enemy in the direction of Texas.
A large body of Texans are rumored to be approaching.
2nd Lt. Horace W. Baldwin wishes to rejoin the Independent Battery Colorado Vol. Artillery.
Lt. Burdsal has taken with him all property for which I am responsible and would not receipt to me for the same.
Maj. E. W. Wynkoop's scout was far beyond department lines.
The troops were needed at Larned, where the Indians were in actual hostile attitude.
The Oak Grove Massacre, (Oak, Nebraska), August 7th, 1864.
Laura Roper's story and Ned Wynkoop's involvement.
Col. Chivington regrets exceedingly that Major Wynkoop did not send forward the troops requested.
He has not spent an hour nor gone a mile to attend to other matters than his command.
Correspondence re: outrages at Plum Creek.
There have been two additional attacks on this route. One at Dogtown, and the other at Plum Creek.
Guerrillas in the neighborhood of Ca�on City.
The bushwhackers who robbed the stage are now nineteen miles above this place.
Nine men killed to-day two miles east of Plum Creek.
Indians attacked three trains; destroyed one and killed all the men on it.
Cavalry and Infantry will give assistance to Trains en route to New Mexico.
The force consists of fifty cavalry, fifty infantry, and two howitzers.
Affair near Fort Lyon, Colorado Territory.
Major Wynkoop's official report regarding Satank, war chief of the Kiowas and his murderous crew.
Ginger Club at Lyon, &c.
From the Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 10 August, 1864.
Skirmish near Sand Creek, Colorado, August 11, 1864.
Reports from Major Edward W. Wynkoop, First Colorado Cavalry, and Lieutenants Joseph A. Cramer, Horace W. Baldwin and Ira Quinby.
All the mounted men at Fort Kearny started for the Little Blue this morning.
Tell the Governor that if he does not order out militia the Territory will be laid waste.
A party of fifteen Indians chased a soldier within three miles of Fort Lyon.
They then retreated toward Sand Creek. Major Wynkoop has no troops to spare.
Governor Evans Authorized to Raise a Mounted 100-days� Regiment.
August 13th, 1864.
400 Ute warriors are out on the war-path.
Colonel Chivington shall not restrain them from killing one another.
Letters regarding the hostile disposition of the Indians in the vicinity of Fort Lyon.
A Mexican train is attacked and one man killed.
Indian Troubles on the Arkansas. Major Wynkoop's Report.
Major Wynkoop pursues Satank, war chief of the Kiowas and his murderous crew, from the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Saturday, 27 August, 1864.
Special Orders, No. 34, Hdqrs. Dept. of New Mexico, August 28, 1864.
Capt. Reuben A. Hill, with all the effective men of his company (K) First Infantry New Mexico Volunteers, will march with all practicable dispatch to Fort Lyon, District of Colorado, and there report for duty for sixty days. The orders that made Major Wynkoop's expedition to meet Black Kettle possible.
Black Kettle's Letter to Major Colley, August 29th, 1864.
Black Kettle offers Peace. The letter that changed Ned Wynkoop's life.
There are $20,000 worth of crops at the agency which have been left unprotected.
Major Wynkoop has not the troops to spare.
Copy of a letter received from Major Colley, regarding Black Kettle's proposition for peace.
Dated September 4th, 1864 and written to Gov. John Evans.
Tyler's Rangers.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Thursday, 15 September, 1864.
Major Wynkoop's official report concerning his 1st meeting with Black Kettle.
Black Kettle and other chiefs of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Nations propose Peace.
Letter to Maj. S. G. Colley from Governor John Evans, September 19, 1864.
He will wait to take action until he hears the results of Major Wynkoop's expedition.
The Indian War.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Monday, 19 September, 1864.
Interesting News From The Indian Country.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Saturday, 24 September, 1864.
E. W. Wynkoop is on his way with Cheyenne and Arapaho chiefs and four white prisoners.
Col. Chivington wants the Indians to make full restitution and then go on their reserves.
From the Indian Hunters.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Monday, 26 September, 1864.
Indian Treaty.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Tuesday, 27 September, 1864.
Flag Prsentation.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Tuesday, 27 September, 1864.
From Tyler's Rangers.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Tuesday, 27 September, 1864.
Indian Treaty.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 28 September, 1864.
The Indian War: Maj. Wynkoop Has Arrived from Ft. Lyon.
From the New York Times, Thursday, 29 September, 1864, p. 1.
Indian Council.
From the Rocky Mountain News, Thursday, 29 September, 1864.
Editoiral Correspondence.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Thursday, 29 September, 1864.
The Indians.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Friday, 30 September, 1864.
Capt. Tyler.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Friday, 30 September, 1864.
Report Of Council with Cheyenne and Arapahoe Chiefs and Warriors, brought to Denver by Major Wynkoop, taken down by the Indian Agent Simeon Whiteley, as it Progressed.
A verbatim transcript of the Council held at Fort Weld on Wednesday, Sept. 28, 1864, from the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Monday, 13 September, 1865.
Gov. Evans has declined to make any treaty with the chiefs brought in by Major Wynkoop.
It might embarrass the military operations against the hostile Indians of the plains.
The Indian War.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Thursday, 29 September, 1864.
Official.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Tuesday, 4 October, 1864.
A Party of the Pet Lambs...
From the Weekly Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 5 October, 1864.
General Blunt came on a party of Arapahoes.
The Indians overpowered the advance, but the main force coming up routed and pursued them.
General Blunt came on camp of Indians near head of the Pawnee.
These are probably the Indians whom Colonel Wynkoop represents erroneously and unfortunately out of his command.
Major Wynkoop is relieved of command of Fort Lyon.
November 4th, 1864.
Correspondence: Laura Roper is destitute on the trail to Fort Kearney.
November 16th, 1864.
Chivington telegraphs a fight with the Cheyennes.
He came upon a Cheyenne camp of 130 lodges at the south bend of Big Sandy, Cheyenne County, Colo.
Scenes at Sand Creek.
Captain McCannon reminisces about the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864, from the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Wednesday, 26 January, 1881.
Dispose of Major Wynkoop.
The treaty operations at Lyon greatly embarrass matters.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk, Colorado, Thursday, 29 December, 1864.
Maj. E. W. Wynkoop is Hereby Relieved From Duty at Fort Riley, Kans.
He is to make a thorough investigation of the recent operations against the Indians in that part of the District of Upper Arkansas.
The Sand Creek Battle--"High Officials" Checkmated.
Every Indian expedition hereafter should be led by a Colorado soldier, imbued with the holy aspiration of destroying as great a number of warriors, squaws and children, as fell in the memorable battle of Sand Creek, from the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Wednesday, 4 January, 1865.
Major Scott J. Anthony reports no Indians in the immediate vicinity of Fort Lyon.
Black Kettle, Little Robe, and Knock Knee, who were reported killed, are at the main camp on Beaver Creek, alive and well, and are the loudest for war of any of the chiefs.
Report of Major Edward W. Wynkoop, First Colorado Cavalry.
The results of his investigation into the Sand Creek Massacre.
John S. Smith's testimony re: events leading up to Sand Creek.
From the first meeting with Black Kettle to the aftermath of the battle, November 28th, 1864.
Skirmish near Fort Larned, Kansas.
Report by Major E. W. Wynkoop regarding the skirmish that took place on January 20th, 1865.
Court of Inquiry.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 8 February, 1865.
Special Notices, Official.
From the Rocky Mountain News, Friday, 10 February, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Rocky Mountain News, Saturday, 11 February, 1865.
Letter From Maj. Crawford, Paymaster, Pay of the Third Regiment.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk, Colorado, Monday, 27 February, 1865.
The Atchison Free Press is Sound on the Indian Question.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk, Colorado, Tuesday, 28 February, 1865.
The Indian Difficulties.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk, Colorado, Wednesday, 1 March, 1865.
He and They are Honest and Capable!
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk, Colorado, Thursday, 2 March, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk, Colorado, Thursday, 2 March, 1865.
The Responsibility of the Indian War.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Thursday, 2 March, 1860.
Consistency.
From the Rocky Mountain News, Friday, 3 March, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk, Colorado, Saturday, 4 March, 1865.
On Dit: Silas Soule Gets Married.
From the Weekly Rocky Mountain News, Wednesday, 5 April, 1865.
Lieut. Clark Dunn...
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Wednesday, 5 April, 1865.
A Magnificent Present.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Friday, 7 April, 1865.
Assassination of Capt. Soule, of the Vet. Bat. 1st Col. Cav.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Monday, 24 April, 1865.
The Homicide Last Night.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Monday, 24 April, 1865.
Murder of Capt. Soule.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Tuesday, 25 April, 1865.
The Funeral, Coroner's Inquest.
From the Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 26 April, 1865.
Who Did It?
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Wednesday, 26 April, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Wednesday, 26 April, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Thursday, 27 April, 1865.
Capt. Soule's Funeral.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Thursday, 27 April, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Thursday, 27 April, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Friday, 28 April, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Friday, 28 April, 1865.
Correspondence.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Thursday, 4 May, 1865.
Local and Miscellaneous.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Thursday, 11 May, 1865.
Local Matters: About the Murder of Capt. Soule.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Wednesday, 14 June, 1865.
Maj. E. W. Wynkoop is Hereby Assigned as Chief of Cavalry.
Special Orders No. 162, Headquarters Department of the Missouri.
To the People of Colorado. Synopsis of the Sand Creek Investigation.
Col. John M. Chivington defends his actions at Sand Creek.
The Celebration.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 5 July, 1865.
From New Mexico.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Monday, 10 July, 1865.
Squires, the Murderer of Captain Soule.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Tuesday, 11 July, 1865.
The Arrest of Squiers.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 12 July, 1865.
Local Matters.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Thursday, 13 July, 1865.
Mysterious Death of Lt. Cannan,--Evidence Before the Coronor's Inquest.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Saturday, 15 July, 1865.
The Funeral of Lieut. Cannon.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Monday, 17 July, 1865.
The Death of Lt. Cannon,--Further Evidence Before the Coroner's Inquest.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Tuesday, 18 July, 1865.
Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War on the Massacre of Cheyenne Indians.
From the New York Times, Sunday, 23 July, 1865, p. 2.
The Cheyenne Indian Massacre.
From the Chicago Tribune, Chicago, Illinois, Tuesday, 25 July, 1865.
The 'Friendly' Indians.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Monday, 31 July, 1865.
Hersa A. Coberly Soule to Annie J. Soule, August 6th, 1865.
Silas Soule's widow describes her new home in Lawrence, Kansas and her trip across the Plains with Maj. Wynkoop and Col. Tappan.
The Arrest of Squires.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Monday, 7 August, 1865.
The Court Martial for the Trial of Squires.
From the Weekly Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 9 August, 1865.
Our Indian Policy.
From the Chicago Tribune, Chicago, Illinois, Wednesday, 13 September, 1865.
The Court-martial in Session.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Saturday, 2 September, 1865.
Statement of Mrs. Ewbanks, Giving an Account of Her Captivity Among the Indians.
Her statement dated June 22, 1865, from the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Monday, 13 September, 1865.
A General Court Martial.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Wednesday, 4 October, 1865.
Another Jail Delivery.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Thursday, 12 October, 1865.
Editorial Correspondence.
From the Daily Mining Journal, Black Hawk City, Gilpin County, Colorado, Monday, 23 October, 1865.
Too Much Acrimony.
Black Kettle speaks out, from the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Tuesday, 14 November, 1865.
The Grant and Tappan Indian Policy.
A diatribe against S. F. Tappan, Ned Wynkoop and John Smith for their condemnation of the Sand Creek "battle", from the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Monday, 6 November, 1865.
A United States Senator on His Travels.
From the New York Times, Sunday, 11 November, 1866, p. 2.
Post-Mortem Promotion.
From the Colorado Transcript, Golden City, Jefferson County, Colorado, Wednesday, 2 January, 1867.
Washita and Sand Creek Compared.
From the Daily Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado, Tuesday, 29 December, 1868.
Military Commission's Inquiry into the Sand Creek Massacre, November, 1864.
Report of the Secretary of War Communicating, In Compliance With a Resolution of the Senate of February 4, 1867, a Copy of the Evidence Taken at Denver and Fort Lyon, Colorado Territory.
Massacre of Cheyenne Indians.
Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War at the Second Session Thirty-eighth Congress, 1865.
Chivington Massacre.
Report of the Joint Special Committee of the two Houses of Congress, appointed under the joint resolution of March 3, 1865, directing an inquiry into the condition of the Indian tribes and their treatment by the civil and military authorities of the United States.
The Chivington Massacre, A Participant in the Battle Denies That It was a Massacre.
From the Colorado Miner, Georgetown, Clear Creek County, Colorado, Saturday, 14 October, 1876.
Frontier Reminiscences.
From the Aspen Weekly Times, Aspin, Pitkin County, Colorado, Saturday, 30 July, 1881.
Frontier Reminiscences.
From the Aspen Weekly Times, Aspin, Pitkin County, Colorado, Saturday, 6 August, 1881.
Frontier Reminiscences.
From the Aspen Weekly Times, Aspin, Pitkin County, Colorado, Saturday, 13 August, 1881.
"Sins of Sand Creek. Letters detail massacre of American Indian women and children"
From the Denver Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Co., Friday, 15 September, 2000
"The Sand Creek Massacre Letters"
From the Denver Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Co., Friday, 15 September, 2000
The Real Villains of Sand Creek.
Author Gregory F. Michno blames Ned Wynkoop for the Sand Creek Massacre, from the December, 2003 issue of Wild West Magazine.
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